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Month: September 2024
Artificial Intelligence and Investigation
Bivas Chatterjee is the Public Prosecutor for Cyber Law and Electronics Evidence for West Bengal.
What is Artificial
Intelligence?
Simply put, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology possessing the same cognitive human abilities similar to humans. It can think, act, and make decisions like us.
The Journey
We travelled from enigma machine in 2nd world war era to these days’ AI. AI has both the possibilities for good as well as can be used for evil purposes. AI is our next master. We are in a juncture where we are handing over control of our life to our next super human, of course made by men. It has already become more intelligent than ordinary human being.
The development from the Enigma machine of the Second World War era to the present AI represents a remarkable journey in human technological advancement. AI indeed holds tremendous potential that has beneficial and detrimental outcomes. We are at a critical juncture where control of our lives is increasingly handed over to AI, a machine, ironically created by humans, but has evidently surpassed ordinary human intelligence.
Why Worry?
Much like other innovations, Artificial Intelligence has positive and negative repercussions. However, the primary issue is not with AI itself, but the competitive greed and drive that lead people to develop it for detrimental purposes. For instance, Deepfake technology can impersonate individuals – be it a common man or a high-profile individual – so convincingly that it has become almost impossible to differentiate between the original and deepfake. Another example is the invention of ChatGPT. Within two months of its existence, it was downloaded by more than 100 million people worldwide. AI’s rapid adoption underscores its potential to provide swift and resourceful assistance while also raising concerns about its misuse and impact on society.
Weaponising AI for Criminal Activities
The rise of AI scams is a concerning trend. One can be randomly targeted through a phone call or be threatened with manipulated videos or voice recordings of their loved ones for the evil intent of seeking a ransom. A notable incident occurred in the USA whereby a false kidnapping attempt was planned to extort millions of dollars by replicating the daughter’s voice. The increase of deepfakes, particularly pornographic material, draws attention to the dangers of AI misuse.
AI-generated art are already posing a serious challenge to artists and creators. The latest version of ChatGPT (ChatGPT-4) is estimated to have an IQ of 155, almost equalling renowned scientist Einstein’s IQ of 160. With AI capabilities continuing to show no sign of slowing down, but is surpassing human brain speed by thousands of times, there is growing uneasiness about the high cost of a global destruction driven by human greed.
Role of AI in
Investigations
Predictive Policing:
Suitable search engine can predict the probable solution of investigation and prevention of crimes, crime analysis and solution by using the data which are fed in AI. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the potential for discrimination in such systems.
By applying appropriate AI powered analysis, the following parameters of effective policing can be done.
Forecasting:
i) Time and place where crime is on the rise.
ii) A group of people likely to be victims or perpetrators.
iii) Predictive individuals who may be victims, namely senior citizens, etc.
iv) Predictive individuals who may be involved in criminal activities
CCTNS data can help in better crime prediction if used with proper AI algorithm.
Data analysis plays a crucial role in predictive policing initiatives such as the surveillance matrix in Himachal Pradesh and facial structure analysis at airports to identify fraudsters.
Developed countries have successfully utilised AI technology to revisit old cases, resulting in solving old, cold and unsolved crimes.
AI can be used for forensic purposes as well. Recent GSR analysis of crime scenes in the UK has proven that AI will solve many unsolved criminal cases in the future.
AI-Driven Crimes
The rise of AI poses a significant threat to human superiority, deepfake videos and cloned voices are just some of the basic examples of what this technology can do to destroy us.
Cyber criminals are increasingly using AI to commit crimes. Let us examine some of them.
1) Cloned voices used to generate fake audio can be used to defraud people.
2) Cloned video or audio may be used in the commission of crimes.
3) Deepfake technology can be used to commit crimes or scam people.
4) AI-powered surveillance can cause great harm on individual privacy and safety. Surveillance data at the hand of fraudsters can cause huge damage to a person.
5) Manipulation of human behavioural by AI-engineered algorithm is a growing threat in political or advertising arenas.
6) Piracy and plagiarism-related offences.
7) Gender bias.
8) Automated hacking tools powered by AI to commit crime.
9) Manipulation in financial market by AI algorithm, especially in high frequency trading.
10) Spread of misleading information in every aspect of society, including the trading and financial industry.
11) Ethical concerns on autonomous weapon systems powered by AI and AI-powered military systems.
12) AI-powered social engineering (use of manipulative or deceptive tactics to entice unwitting victims to do something they won’t normally do) by manipulating human behaviour resulting into their victimisation. Personal data using AI can make social engineering more powerful.
13) AI-based malware threatens digital system.
14) AI-based propaganda to influence public opinion.
Few Examples of AI-
Enabled Frauds
1) A 15-year-old girl on a skiing holiday had her voice replicated by fraudsters, who then called her parents demanding a ransom of one million dollars. Despite the voice sounding just like her, it was AI-generated. The parents later came to know that their daughter was not in the custody of the kidnappers.
2) An elderly person in Ghaziabad was duped Rs, 74,000 by fraudsters who used deepfake to impersonate a former police officer, who called the elderly man asking him for money.
3) A man in Lucknow lost Rs. 45,000 when he was duped by a fake voice using AI, which impersonated his relative’s voice.
4) A woman in Noida was cheated of Rs. 11 Lakhs when she underwent a fabricated interrogation through Skype in connection with a money laundering case.
5) A person from Kerala was cheated to the tune of Rs. 40,0000 due to an AI-enabled deepfake scam with a false plea that his relative is in hospital and needed help.
6) An elderly person from Delhi was cheated of Rs 50,000 through a voice cloning fraud
7) As reported in the South China Morning Post, a company was duped a staggering Rs 200 Crores by a fake video call impersonating the CFO by using using deepfake technology.
8) Recently, American popstar Taylor Swift also became a victim of the malicious deepfake when vulgar videos of her were posted on various social media platforms.
Legal Acts and Regulations Related to Artificial
Intelligence (AI)- The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) enacted on March 13, 2024.
- The European Parliament’s Ethical Principles Framework on AI development, deployment, and use.
- Various States in the USA, namely Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Maine, Maryland, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington, have passed laws related to AI.
- The United States National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource Task Force Act, passed on March 2024.
- Singapore’s Model AI Governance Framework.
- Canada’s Directive on Automated Decision-Making, to ensure whether AI systems are fair, unbiased, and respect human rights.
- Japan’s AI Utilisation Promotion Act.
- The Indian Government issued an advisory to social media platforms or intermediaries to identify and remove misinformation and deepfakes within 36 hours of reporting.
The Need of the Hour
AI security will be the need of the hour in the near future.
Immediate control on AI-engineered application with respect to their ethical as well as legal aspect affecting human mankind.
Maharashtra Lok Sabha Elections 2024
36,000 Cops Guard Mumbai on Poll Day
In a bid to uphold the integrity of the electoral process and safeguard the rights of voters, Mumbai Police Commissioner Vivek Phansalkar said, “Mumbai Police has implemented stringent measures to regulate activities near polling stations on Election Day. In line with these efforts, the police have issued guidelines prohibiting the assembly of individuals within a 100-meter radius of polling stations. Scheduled for May 20, the six Lok Sabha constituencies, including Mumbai, will adhere to these regulations.”
According to the directives laid out by Mumbai Police, only individuals directly involved in the electoral process will be allowed entry into the polling stations from 6 am until midnight.
The Mumbai police pressed into service over 36,000 police officials to ensure smooth voting during the fifth phase of the Lok Sabha elections in the city, As per Mumbai Police officials, on the day of voting, higher-level officials like additional police commissioners (5), deputy commissioners (25), and assistant commissioners (77) looked after their jurisdiction. As many as 2,475 police officers and 22,100 police personnel were deployed along with three Riot Control police personnel.
As additional deployment, 170 police officers and 5,360 police personnel were deployed along with 6,200 home guard police personnel. About 36 personnel from the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and Special Armed Police (SAP) were also deployed at sensitive zones.
Special training was provided to all the deployed police personnel, stated a senior police official.
The officials added that more than 8,088 individuals with criminal histories who can threaten the law and order situation during the election have been restrained from the city.
Section 144 was imposed to restrict the assembly of people within 100m of polling stations for all six Lok Sabha constituencies in the city. Only people who are candidates or accredited agents of candidates, officials on poll duty, or public servants engaged in duty will be allowed in the vicinity of the polling station.Dance of Democracy Indian General Elections 2024
General elections were held in India from 19 April to 1 June 2024 in seven phases, to elect 543 members of the Lok Sabha. More than 968 million people out of a population of 1.4 billion people were eligible to vote, equivalent to 70 per cent of the total population. 642 million voters participated in the election and 312 million of them were women, making it the highest-ever participation by women voters. This was the largest-ever election, surpassing the previous election, and lasted 44 days, second only to the 1951–52 Indian general election. Votes were counted and the result was declared on 4 June to form the 18th Lok Sabha. India’s sitting lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha) began its term on June 15, 2019, which is set to conclude on June 16, 2024.
In what is the world’s largest electoral exercise, India’s voter base of 970 million citizens, spanning 28 states and eight union territories, will vote under a seven-phase schedule. India’s 2024 general election dates have been staggered from April 19 to June 1, per the Election Commission of India (ECI). India holds its elections in sequential phases by regions carefully staggered by the ECI. The dates of polling announced by ECI across the seven phases will be April 19, April 26, May 7, May 13, May 20, May 25, and June 1. In some states like Bihar, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh, voting will take place on all seven days; in others, like Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, it will only take place on one day.
This election will be the second longest polling exercise in India’s electoral history, after the country’s first-ever election, which was held over a five-month-period between September 1951 and February 1952. Organising a general election in India has been a Herculean challenge, mostly due to the vast terrain that stretches from the Himalayas in the north to the desert in the west and the coastal regions in the south. Electoral rules also mandate that a polling station must be within 1.2 miles of every home, and nearly every vote is cast electronically. In 2019, 1.74 million electronic voting machines were used across more than one million polling stations. Nearly 15 million polling officials and security personnel will be tasked with manning polling stations during balloting. To reach every voter, they travel to all parts of the country, including by trekking through glaciers in the Himalayas or wading through deep forested valleys in remote states like Arunachal Pradesh. The staggered polling allows the government to deploy tens of thousands of troops to prevent political violence and transport electoral officials and voting machines.
It is an expensive process too. In 2019, political parties and candidates spent an estimated $8.7bn for their campaigns, according to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
How security arrangements will take place
during polls?
The Lok Sabha elections were held in seven phases, between April 19 and June 1, 2024. The results were announced on June 4. Elaborate security measures had been taken to ensure free, fair and peaceful elections across the nation.
The Election Commission of India implemented a series of stringent security measures nationwide to ensure peaceful polling in all 28 states and 8 Union Territories. Nearly 97 crore people were eligible to cast their votes in the polls at over 10.5 lakh polling stations.
The Lok Sabha elections held in seven phases beginning from April 19, April 26, May 7, May 13, May 20, May 25 and June 1, saw approximately 1.5 crore polling officials who were deployed nationwide to oversee the electoral processs.
Chief Election Commissioner Rajiv Kumar addressing the much-anticipated conference said that strict directions have been given to District Magistrates and Superintendents of Police to ensure a level playing field for all parties: “CAPF is to be deployed adequately and assisted by the integrated control rooms in each district. Check posts and drones to ensure vigil. Ensuring voters’ trust is paramount. Violence in elections is unacceptable. Impersonators are to be swiftly punished. Transparency in permissions to parties/candidates through the SUVIDHA portal.”
Challenges to conduct free and fair elections
The CEC highlighted the challenges in conducting free and fair elections through four M’s: muscle, money, misinformation, and MCC violations. “Tackling misinformation in today’s digital age is complex. We have put certain measures in place to ensure misinformation is nipped in the bud. We’re proactive in debunking fake news. Originators of fake news are to be dealt with severely as per extant laws,” he added.
The Election Commission has prioritised several key points for ensuring a safe polling process. These include transfer of officials for impartiality, randomisation of polling staff and participation of polling agents at every booth. The aim of these directives is to ensure transparency and prevent of discriminatory action against party workers.
Additionally, 24×7 integrated control rooms and webcasting in sensitive polling booths have been set up. Drone-based checking at borders will take place along with a full surveillance of history sheeters. CEC Kumar also urged political parties to refrain from personal attacks and foul language.
The Election Commissioner stated that over 2,100 general, police, and expenditure observers are being deployed for the upcoming elections, which will oversee force deployment and randomisation of personnel and machines and conduct intimidation-free elections. The Commission also directed enforcement agencies to crack down on illicit money, liquor, drugs and freebies, reporting a surge of 800% to Rs 3,400 crore in 11 States in the 2022-23 election cycle.
Chief Election Commissioner Rajiv Kumar said that there is no place for bloodbath and violence in the elections. “From wherever we will receive the information of violence, we will take action against them,” he said.
“Elections aim for key outcomes: enhanced citizen participation and zero violence. The Commission strives for reduced repolls, no inducements, clear campaigns, and curbing fake narratives. Ensuring a successful electoral process is top priority,” Kumar added. The ECI has also offered 27 apps and portals for all stakeholders, including cVigil which empowers citizens to report MCC violations and assured action within 100 minutes.
What do the numbers say?
According to the Election Commission, there are 97 crore registered voters across India who will vote in the upcoming Lok Sabha polls. Among them, 49.70 crore are male voters and 47.10 crore are female voters. “We have 1.8 crore first-time voters and 19.47 crore voters between the age group of 20-29 years,” said Chief Election Commissioner Rajiv Kumar.
The ECI further said that 82 lakh PwDs, 2.2 lakh 100+ and 48,000 third-gender voters will participate in the elections. Over 85 lakh first-time women voters will participate in the elections and 12 states have an elector gender ratio of about 1,000
The Election Commission said 102 constituencies will go for polls in the first phase on April 19, followed by 89 constituencies in the second phase on April 26. The second phase will be held on April 26, the third on May 7 and fourth on May 13, fifth on May 20, sixth on May 25 and seventh phase on June 1. In the first phase, 102 constituencies will go for polls, 89 constituencies in the second phase, 94 constituencies in the third, 96 in the fourth phase, 49 in the fifth phase, 57 in the sixth phase and 57 in the seventh phase.
The Election Commission deployed 3.4 lakh Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) personnel, in addition to state police forces, for the upcoming seven-phase Lok Sabha elections and assembly polls in four states starting from April 19, officials revealed. The highest number of CAPFs personnel, totaling 92,000, were stationed in the politically charged state of West Bengal, followed by 63,500 personnel in Jammu and Kashmir, which is grappling with militancy issues, and 36,000 personnel in Naxal-affected Chhattisgarh.
In response to requests from state Chief Electoral Officers (CEOs), the Election Commission has decided to gradually deploy approximately 3,400 companies of CAPFs across all states and Union territories to ensure the smooth conduct of free and fair elections. Each CAPF company typically consists of around 100 personnel, with the full mobilization of forces expected to be completed in the coming days.
The assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Sikkim will coincide with the Lok Sabha polls. It is anticipated that a maximum of 920 companies of CAPFs were deployed in West Bengal, followed by 635 companies in Jammu and Kashmir, 360 companies in Chhattisgarh, and varying numbers in other states.
The CAPFs encompass agencies like the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), and National Security Guard (NSG), with a combined strength of around 10 lakh personnel.
The mobilization of forces for sensitive and hyper-sensitive constituencies began on March 1, with about 2,000 companies being deployed for pre-poll duties. Approximately 1.5 lakh personnel are expected to travel via roads and railways for this mobilization, with the Railways ensuring seamless transportation with appropriate facilities.
The CAPF personnel will undertake various election-related tasks such as area dominance, confidence-building measures, guarding of electronic voting machines, and security at counting and strong room centres during the electoral process.Facial Recognition: An Important Tool Aiding the Criminal Justice System
Facial analysis is a burgeoning field at the intersection of computer vision, artificial intelligence, and psychology that aims to understand and interpret human facial expressions and attributes. Leveraging advanced algorithms and technology, facial analysis delves into the intricate nuances of facial features to extract valuable insights about individuals’ emotions, demographics, and behaviours.
With the rapid advancement of machine learning and computer vision techniques, facial analysis has found applications across diverse domains.
In the fields of security and surveillance, it aids in facial recognition to help identify individuals and enhance security measures.
A team of specialists from Helik, engaged in such facial analyses, were able to identify key similarities and differences in the facial features of the individuals in question, in a criminal case.
This allowed them to create detailed profiles and narrow down potential suspects. By analysing the unique characteristics of each face, such as the hairline, forehead, eyes, eyebrows, eye socket, shape of the eyes, shape of the nose, ear, mouth, lips, chin, cheeks, shape of the jaws, or the structure of the jawline; the specialists were able to piece together a comprehensive understanding of the individuals involved in particular criminal activities.
This major breakthrough in facial analysis helped the investigators, to not only identify the culprits behind the crimes, but also provide valuable insights into their motives and connections.
The understanding of the subtle nuances of each individual’s facial features helped the Helik specialists to uncover hidden patterns and connections that would have otherwise gone unnoticed.
Facial-analysis techniques such as facial recognition, facial landmark detection, and emotion analysis provide forensic experts with powerful tools to analyse and interpret facial features, expressions, and other visual cues.
Corroborating eyewitness testimonies, they also help to identify suspects from surveillance footage, and track the movements of individuals involved in criminal or criminal-like activities.
Facial analysis is an important aid in different situations pertaining to family conflicts, romantic relationship problems, theft, fraud, bribery, murder, and chain snatching, too.
The utilisation of facial analysis by the Helik team has emerged as a potent instrument in combating criminal activities.
Through the meticulous examination of facial features, the specialised team has achieved notable advancements in case resolution, leading to the apprehension of perpetrators.
This particular case serves as a testament to the significance of facial analysis in contemporary criminal inquiries, emphasising its potential to transform the landscape of law enforcement.
With sustained research, advancement, and collaboration between technology specialists and forensic experts, facial analysis is poised to continue its indispensable role in the pursuit of justice and veracity in criminal investigations.Giridhar Gore: Fostering a Safer and More Connected Community
Giridhar Gore is a seasoned senior police inspector. He was posted to Crime Branch Department, Belapur, Navi Mumbai, over a year and a half ago. During his long career, he worked alongside remarkable police officers like D Sivanandhan, Satyapal Singh, and Milind Bharambe. He embodies leadership in every sense. His invaluable experience over the decades has stood him in good stead in his present tenure at Belapur. He works tirelessly to bridge the gap between the police and the public, ensuring that citizens feel empowered to seek help in times of need. In an exclusive interview with The Mumbai Protector, Giridhar Gore shares insights working under the CP Navi Mumbai, recounts his experience at the Crime Branch, and his ongoing mission to enhance the working environment for his colleagues and subordinates.
Could you share some
insights into your
professional journey prior to joining Belapur?
My career spans over 25 years, primarily in the Crime Branch of the Mumbai Police. I had the privilege of working under the guidance of former DGP D Sivanandhan and former CP Satyapal Singh. I was part of the investigative team during the 2002 bomb blasts—a challenging yet rewarding experience within an excellent team. I have been in this present post in Belapur, Navi Mumbai for 1.5 years. Prior to this, I was posted in Chembur.
Which is the most
demanding department in your career thus far?
The Crime Branch has consistently been a refreshing challenge for me.
Can you elaborate the changes brought in by CP Navi Mumbai Milind Bharambe?
CP Milind Bharambe Sir has spearheaded numerous impactful and significant initiatives to enhance policing effectiveness and community engagement in Navi Mumbai.
Establishment of Cybercrime Cells: He established a cybercrime cell in every police station. This move has significantly help our officers become more efficient in dealing with cyber-related offenses and boost their efforts to tackle emerging digital threats.
Implementation of the Nelson System: He launched the Nelson System, which advocates for one case, one officer, one month, thus streamlining the investigative process. Based on the complexity of a case, this system helps assign it either to a senior officer or a constable. This ensures that each case receives the appropriate level of expertise and attention. Additionally, we provide comprehensive training to all our staff, empowering them to handle diverse challenges with confidence. As a result of the Nelson System, there is little to no backlog of cases.
Introduction of Yatharth Kits: Sometimes, witnesses become hostile in court or deny the accusations, leading to the case being acquitted. It is very frustrating, after all the efforts we put into. To address challenges related to witness credibility and evidence collection, the use of Yatharth kits has proven instrumental. This is an evidence collection kit. It includes a camera for recording a confession, ensuring us visual evidence is captured, and aiding in securing convictions even when witnesses turn hostile.
Expansion of CCTV Surveillance: Recognising the importance of surveillance in crime prevention, we have identified and covered dark spots with CCTV cameras to prevent criminal activities and enhance overall public safety.
Creation of Nirbhaya Squads and Women Cells: In a bid to create a safer environment for women, Nirbhaya Squads and Women Cells have been established in all police stations. These Cells are led by female officers and constables so as to provide a conducive space for women to report grievances and seek assistance, thereby fostering trust and confidence in law enforcement. Additionally, we have implemented vehicles driven by women officers, enhancing the mobility and accessibility of our forces.
Introduction of Dial 112: Implementing this emergency helpline has proven to be a lifeline for individuals in distress.
Enhanced Forensic Capabilities: Previously, we faced delays in forensic investigations as we had to rely on teams from Thane or Mumbai. The provision of forensic evidence collection bikes at every division has accelerated the process of evidence gathering and analysis has minimised delays and improved investigative
outcomes.
Revamping Police Station Infrastructure: CP Bharambe’s efforts to revamp police station infrastructure has led to cleaner and more professional working environment. The removal of old, unusable vehicles has created space for recreational facilities like badminton courts and open gyms, catering to the well-being of police personnel working long shifts.
You have managed to achieve a very friendly atmosphere in this police station…
Creating a welcoming atmosphere at the police station is vital in ensuring that individuals feel comfortable and supported when seeking assistance. Many people arrive at police stations feeling tense and burdened by their problems. By providing amenities like readily available water bottles and fostering a friendly environment, we aim to relieve some of that tension and make them feel more at ease. It is essential for people to see the police station as a safe space where their concerns will be heard and addressed. While we may not always have immediate solutions to their cases, offering them comfort and reassurance is something we can always provide.
What is your experience working with CP Milind Bharambe?
Working with CP Milind Bharambe has been extremely rewarding. This present assignment stands out as one of the most enriching experiences of my career. Under his leadership, I have been able to acquire valuable technical knowledge and skills. Despite the natural resistance to change that often accompanies new leadership, Bharambe Sir has succeeded in fostering a culture of openness and flexibility among even the most senior officers. Their willingness to embrace change and pursue continuous improvement speaks volumes about his leadership style and the positive impact it has had on the entire department.
Could you share a case that has left a deep imprint on your life?
One case that remains etched in my memory is the tragic discovery of a five-year-old boy’s body behind his building, concealed in a sack. The profoundly shocking incident shook not just the neighbourhood, but the entire community, which consisted of the working-class group. Living in a two-storey building with just one entrance and exit, residents were gripped by fear, realising that if such a tragedy could happen to this child, it could potentially happen to any other child in the neighbourhood. The pressure on our investigation team was immense, as fear rippled through the area, with parents worried for the safety of their own children.
The circumstances surrounding the disappearance of the boy are deeply troubling. While his mother briefly stepped out to get chicken, leaving him and his sister playing downstairs under the watchful eye of a ground floor resident, he mysteriously vanished within a span of 10-15 minutes. Suspicion naturally fell on a building resident who had briefly gone upstairs and had not been seen since, raising concerns about his involvement in the boy’s disappearance.
Adding to the complexity of the situation, the boy and his sister had gone upstairs to change his clothes, after which the sister returned downstairs alone while the boy remained upstairs. The uncertainty surrounding the boy’s whereabouts only deepened the sense of alarm and urgency surrounding the case.
When the mother returned, she inquired from the man where her son was. The man claimed he was upstairs—a statement confirmed by footprints leading in that direction. However, despite this assurance, the boy remained missing, increasing the search efforts. Tragically, half an hour later, the boy’s lifeless body was discovered.
Amidst the investigation, attention turned to a sixteen-year-old girl who shared a close bond with the boy. Despite everyone doubting her involvement, we pursued thorough interrogation. She strongly denied any wrongdoing. However, our inspection revealed a significant detail: all windows in the surrounding area were fitted with grills except at the girl’s house. This pointed to the possibility that the sack containing the boy’s body had been thrown either from the window or the terrace of her residence.
We tried to recreate the scene to prove that the sack had been thrown from that window. We found sacks similar to the one the boy had been found in. We were certain the girl had done something. But since she was a juvenile, there was not much to be done.
After days of questioning, she finally told the truth. The boy, prone to fits, had suffered one while he was at her house. When the boy’s mother returned sooner than expected, she panicked and made a grave mistake by placing a heavy pillow over the boy to silence his cries and assure the mother he was not present at her house. Tragically, this act led to the boy losing consciousness due to suffocation. Believing him to be dead, the girl made a grave decision to dispose his body in a sack and throw it out of the window.
This heartbreaking revelation draws attention to the consequences of fear and desperation, highlighting the urgent need for open communication and support in times of crisis. Had the girl spoken up about the boy’s condition, his life might have been spared.
This is one that I will always remember, because it was not a typical kidnapping and murder case. A five-year-old boy lost his life, and both families would never be the same.SI Gajanan Kadam: At the Forefront on the War Against Cybercrime
Gajanan Kadam is the Senior Inspector of the Cyber Crime police station, Navi Mumbai. Since assuming his role in June 2023, Kadam has demonstrated unwavering dedication to combating cybercrimes and championing justice for all involved parties. Through his proactive efforts, he has played a pivotal role in raising awareness about the complexities of cyber threats and empowering individuals to safeguard themselves in the digital landscape. In a candid interview with Satya Swaroop, Managing Editor of The Mumbai PROTECTOR, Gajanan Kadam shares his experiences, insights, and initiatives in the ongoing battle against cybercrime.
Tell me a little about yourself.
I have a degree in Chemistry, and I have always been interested in facts and solid evidence. That is why I got into cybercrime and fraud investigation. In this field, every action leaves a clear trail of evidence, like tracing money movements or finding digital clues. My journey started in Gadchiroli, a nexel area, where I saw how important technology is in fighting crime.
I helped set up Maharashtra’s first cyber police station in rural area, in Satara in 2017. This was a big step in making our State safer from cyber threats. Working with IG Suhas Warke and SP Sandeep Patil was a privilege.
Overall, I have moved from studying science to fighting cybercrime because I believe in using technology and knowledge to protect people and uphold the principles of justice.
Has this been your passion since your time in Satara?
My passion and dedication to cybercrime investigation have remained unwavering since my tenure in rural Satara. Over the past ten years, I have immersed myself in this field, constantly refining my skills and broadening my knowledge of cybersecurity and digital forensics.
From the onset, when I played a role in setting up Maharashtra’s inaugural cyber police station, to my ongoing efforts in fighting cyber threats, my journey has been fuelled by a profound passion for using technology to uphold justice and safeguard digital integrity under the able guidance of honorable CP navi Mumbai
Have you had any prior experience in Mumbai
before your involvement in cybercrime
investigation?
Our journey began in Mumbai. He preferred to delegate to younger team members who were more tech-savvy. My experience in Mumbai was somewhat limited as I mainly focused on learning crucial cyber policing skills. I completed a seven-day cyber policing course at the BKC Police Station to equip myself with the necessary expertise.
When did you become part of the Cyber Crime police station in Navi Mumbai?
I joined the Cyber Crime police station in June 2023, right when the station was established. Our primary focus is tackling cyber fraud from Panvel to Airoli.
What is the average
number of complaints your Cyber Crime police station receives?
On average, our Cyber Crime police station receives approximately 10-12 complaints daily. These complaints encompass a wide array of cybercrimes, ranging from financial scams to identity theft and online harassment. Additionally, the reported losses associated with these complaints typically amount to between Rs 1 and 2 Crores per day, underlining the substantial financial impact inflicted by cybercriminals on individuals and businesses within our community.
How many convictions has your Cyber Crime police station secured thus far?
Given the nascent stage of our operations, we have not gotten any convictions yet because cybercrime cases are very complicated. They often involve people from different places, which makes it hard to bring them to court. Plus, the legal process takes a long time. We are hoping to see some convictions in about next three years, once everything goes through the court system.
But it is not just about catching the bad guys. Sometimes, they are in other States, which makes it even harder. And even if we do catch them, there is no guarantee they will show up for their court dates after they are released on bail. So, it is a tough situation all around.
Does freezing of the
account help in
combating cybercrime,
and what techniques does your Cyber Crime police station deploy for this purpose?
Freezing accounts is a key part of our fight against cybercrime. When people report fraud through the national cybercrime reporting portal, we jump into action. We start by tracking where the money is going.
If we find any suspicious transactions or accounts, we freeze them right away. This helps stop the bad guys from moving more money around and gives us important evidence to use against them.
We utilise a national cybercrime reporting portal established by the central government. Through this portal, we log entries to report instances where money has been stolen or lost due to cybercrime. Subsequently, we conduct investigations to trace the flow of funds and take swift action to freeze relevant accounts associated with illicit activities and protect the people who have been scammed.
Overall, freezing accounts is a powerful tool in our toolbox for fighting cybercrime and making sure justice is served.
How much time does it typically take for your Cyber Crime police sation to trace the flow of money and initiate necessary
actions?
Within the crucial first three hours, we swiftly trace the flow of money and commence our investigative efforts. We promptly notify all relevant parties, including banks, via email, outlining the necessary procedures to be followed. Our dedication extends to working through the night if needed, ensuring immediate response to any fraud reported, even during late hours.
In addition to our enforcement actions, we actively engage in proactive awareness campaigns under the guidance of Collaborating with the Commissioner of Police Navi Mumbai, shri Milind Bharambe sir, we strive to educate the public about cyber fraud risks. We believe that prevention is key, as convictions often come too late to fully address the harm caused. By promoting vigilance and digital literacy, we aim to safeguard the community against cyber fraud.
What are the physical outreach and awareness campaigns that have been launched?
We have implemented various strategies to raise awareness, including programmes in schools, colleges, and a notable exhibition. Our digital presence has been enhanced through focused campaigns, with a dedicated team managing creative posts on platforms like Facebook and Instagram. Additionally, we have established a WhatsApp Business Account for direct communication.
In our content approach, we ensure diversity, alternating between topics like cybercrime and narcotics awareness. We also prioritise reaching out to specific demographics, such as women and senior citizens.
Following a fraud, our immediate actions include filing an FIR, freezing the account, and striving to recover the victim’s funds. Our focus then shifts to identifying and apprehending the culprits.
How many culprits have your Cyber Crime police station successfully
convicted thus far?
While our Cyber Crime Cell has successfully detected numerous culprits involved in cybercrimes, securing convictions remains a complex and protracted process. To date, we have identified approximately 26 individuals linked to various cyber offences. It is worth noting that a significant portion of the stolen funds associated with these cases has been successfully recovered, thanks to our diligent efforts.
However, the challenges essential in prosecuting cybercriminals extend beyond mere identification. Despite our proactive measures, we encounter limitations in our ability to accelerate the legal proceedings, particularly when dealing with the banking sector. While we promptly notify banks of suspicious activities and initiate account freezes, any delays in their response are beyond our control.
However, we remain firm in our commitment to seeking justice and holding perpetrators accountable. By collaborating closely with law enforcement agencies and forging strategic partnerships with financial institutions, we aim to streamline the process and bolster our effectiveness in combating cybercrime.
What has been your
experience working in the Cyber Crime police
station?
My experience here has been fulfilling, although it is accompanied by a sobering reality. Many individuals who seek our assistance are understandably exhausted and emotionally drained. The relentless pursuit of wealth often leads them into distressing situations, where they plead for our help in recovering their lost funds. I vividly recall cases where individuals have suffered substantial losses, such as one man who lost Rs 1 Crore 92 Lakhs and another who lost Rs 6.5 Crores.
This is heart-wrenching. Do you find satisfaction when cybercriminals are apprehended?
Apprehending cybercriminals feels great, but getting victims their money back can be tough. Often, the stolen funds have bounced around different accounts, so we can only recover part of what is lost. Still, we are determined to help victims as much as we can.
We keep things clear and simple for them, explaining every step of the investigation. We know cybercrimes can be upsetting, so we are here to support victims through it all. We aim to give them the tools and information they need while we work to get justice.
Is this police station solely focused on cybercrime? Are the awareness
programmes yielding an impact?
This police station is solely dedicated to fighting cybercrime. It operates directly under the Commissioner of Police. Our mission is crystal clear: to tackle the ever-changing cyber threats and protect our community’s digital safety.
While our physical campaigns have made a positive impact, reaching every individual in the community remains a challenge. This limitation has led us to prioritise digital campaigns, which have proven to be significantly more effective. With the widespread use of smartphones for various purposes such as bill payments, displaying vaccination certificates, and accessing government IDs like Aadhaar and PAN cards, digital platforms offer a broader reach and higher engagement potential.
Do you have any
memorable success stories or standout cases you can share?
One case that stands out involves a significant breakthrough. We suspected some people in the banking sector might be involved in cybercrime, but we did not have solid evidence until this case.
We found that the KYC details of a particular account were under one person’s name, but the phone number and email belonged to a former banker. Digging deeper, we discovered that the person who verified the KYC worked for this ex-banker. It turned out to be a sophisticated scheme where people were tricked into giving their KYC details, thinking they were getting loans.
Most of the victims were from financially vulnerable backgrounds. They opened current accounts, thinking they were doing legit transactions. But their accounts were used for fraud. This highlights how loose banking policies on current accounts can fuel cybercrime.
This case shows how complex cybercrime can be and how crucial it is to investigate thoroughly and work together. By uncovering this scheme, we stopped the fraud and brought the culprits to justice, protecting vulnerable people in our community.
Could imposing
restrictions or limitations on current accounts be a practical solution to curb cybercrime?
Regulating current accounts could be a positive move. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) could set clear rules and assign managers to keep an eye on these accounts, helping to reduce the risk of illegal activities. For example, if a large amount like Rs 5 Crores moves in and out of an account quickly, especially if it is new, that is a red flag. But monitoring every transaction is tough with our large population.
Controlling how much hard cash is circulating could also help with cybersecurity. The government has been trying to introduce policies but people oppose them because of the black money that they hold. Finding a balance between regulations and public welfare is crucial as we continue fighting cybercrime and preserving financial integrity.
Would you like to add more to what you have shared?
It is vital to remain vigilant against unwanted digital solicitations, which are often used to exploit individuals’ vulnerabilities for fraudulent gain. If you receive messages or communications from unknown individuals on platforms like WhatsApp, Telegram, or Instagram, urging you to participate in schemes, download apps or files, or click on links, exercise caution, and avoid engaging with them. These tactics are commonly employed to manipulate individuals into making transactions, divulging personal information, promising unrealistic returns, or exploiting fears.
It is essential to avoid conducting any financial transactions with unknown parties, particularly if promises of doubling or tripling your money are involved. Many of these schemes involve organised groups, with different individuals handling various aspects of the fraud, from initial contact to receiving and withdrawing funds. Unfortunately, our efforts to combat these crimes are often hindered by delays caused by our reliance on third-party entities like banks and SMS services.
Moreover, catching these culprits poses significant challenges, as they frequently operate from foreign countries like Cambodia, Laos, Dubai and Vietnam. Their international presence makes it more difficult to track and apprehend them, further highlighting the need for extreme caution and alertness when engaging in online interactions.CP Navi Mumbai’s Vision: Transforming Policing and Impacting the Community
Milind Bharambe, the Commissioner of Police in Navi Mumbai, has over 27 years of invaluable experience in law enforcement. He has been at the forefront of introducing transformative changes in police administration, particularly through technology integration, addressing issues such as cybercrime, and the safety of vulnerable sections of society like senior citizens, women, and children.
Satya Swaroop, Managing Editor of The Mumbai PROTECTOR, sat down with Mr. Bharambe to delve into the details of his impactful initiatives and the challenges that comes with the profession.As CP of Navi Mumbai, you have focused on safeguarding senior citizens, women, children, and enhancing cyber security. What challenges have you faced in addressing these priorities, and what initiatives have you taken to
prevent related crimes?
Since I joined the Force in 1997, I have been passionate about integrating technology into policing. My journey began as ASP Ichalkaranji, Kolhapur, where we initiated process improvements in recruitments, transfers, and postings, emphasising transparency and impartiality. I continued this innovative approach as SP Bundhiya in the Naxal-prone area. However, the height of technological innovation occurred during my tenure as SP Sangli. We achieved a milestone by becoming the first district in the country to attain ISO certification for all police stations, SDPO Offices, and SPO Offices. Implementing 5S management principles and other such strategies was challenging, but crucial for modernising our processes. It is not just about adopting technology but about effectively practicing and implementing it in our daily operations.
How did you overcome
resistance to change?
Implementing an effective change management strategy was key. Cultivating a positive image, building rapport with subordinates, colleagues, and stakeholders, including politicians and the press was equally crucial. This approach drastically reduced resistance.
In Sangli, we employed these techniques, fine-tuning transfers and postings, which became known as the Bharambe Pattern, and served as a model replicated elsewhere.
To attain ISO certification, Shri Sharad Pawar Ji’s support was instrumental. For the first time ever, Zilla Parishads and Corporations received significant funding for certification, amounting to Rs. 5 Crores.
I faced numerous challenges during my tenure as DCP in Mumbai’s Zone 5, characterised by political rallies at Shivaji Park and tensions following the Shiv Sena and MNS split. Managing the headquarters of various political parties, religious sites like Mahim Church and Siddhivinayak Mandir, alongside the aftermath of the 26/11/2008 attacks, demanded adept handling.
What was your involvement during the events of 26/11? Did you work
alongside Mr. Date?
I visited Cama and Albless Hospital, where I later encountered Mr. Sadanand Date. We were operating independently. He was not aware of my presence, and I did not know he was inside, facing danger. I was on the ground during the incident when a grenade was thrown at him. This took place indoors while I was standing outside. I was completely unaware of the situation unfolding inside.
Could you share a timeline of the various posting you have undertaken?
I served as Additional CP Crime Thane during KP Raghuvanshi Sir’s tenure, followed by Additional CP of the West Region at Carter Road Office. Subsequently, I took on the role of Joint CP Traffic, where I introduced innovative technological solutions for traffic management. These initiatives garnered attention and were studied by numerous corporates and city police departments visiting our control rooms.
Transitioning to IG Law and Order in Aurangabad, I spearheaded the implementation of investigative tools like the Investigation Bike System, Yatharth, and m-POLICE – an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system for Maharashtra Police. These were adopted across the four districts in the Range, with discussions underway at DG offices for a Statewide implementation. My tenure as IG Law and Order coincided with the 2019 elections, and later, during the COVID-19 pandemic, I served as IG Law and Order for the entire State.
How did you navigate through those challenging times?
The period was undeniably tough. Amidst the pandemic, we faced the daunting task of facilitating essential movements. Introducing the electronic pass system proved pivotal, facilitating movement Statewide and serving as a model emulated by other States. This system ensured smooth passage for emergency services during the complete lockdown, addressing logistical concerns effectively.
Handling elections and their aftermath presented further challenges. Following the April 2019 elections, contentious issues like Article 370 and Triple Talaq surfaced, each with potential law and order implications. Despite these pressures, we managed the situation adeptly. Subsequently, I transitioned to the role of Joint CP Crime in Mumbai from 2020 to 2022.
During this tenure, alongside addressing challenges posed by the underworld, significant strides were made in combating cybercrime. We established five cyber police stations and regional cybercrime units, significantly bolstering our capabilities in this domain. Additionally, substantial efforts were dedicated to combating narcotics trafficking, laying the groundwork for the results seen today. As Joint CP Crime in Mumbai, our focus was primarily on cybercrime and narcotics enforcement, contributing to a safer city.
How many pending cases did you inherit when assuming your role?
The backlog of underworld cases had significantly diminished by the time I assumed the position. Compared to previous decades, the underworld’s activities had notably reduced, with several major cases successfully resolved. Additionally, efforts were made to apprehend gangsters like Suresh Pujari and Ejaz Lakdawala, further stabilising the situation.
Do you perceive cybercrime and narcotics trafficking as greater threats now?
Indeed, cybercrime and narcotics trafficking pose significant contemporary challenges. While traditional underworld activities have diminished, criminals have shifted focus towards white-collar crimes such as real estate fraud. During my tenure, notable attention was directed towards addressing these emerging threats. One significant milestone during this period was the handling of the Antilia case.
Could you elaborate on the various initiatives undertaken in Navi Mumbai, particularly in cybersecurity?
As CP Navi Mumbai, we prioritised citizen-centric initiatives and effective management strategies. One significant initiative was the introduction of ‘Dial 112’, providing a streamlined response system for individuals in distress. This service significantly reduced our average response time to five and a half minutes within the Navi Mumbai Commissionerate, ensuring swift assistance in emergencies.
Addressing narcotics awareness was another crucial point. We took proactive measures to tackle the involvement of hundreds of African nationals in the narcotics trade, leading to a noticeable reduction in the menace, though it has not been completely eradicated.
In response to the evolving landscape of cybercrime, we initiated several awareness and prevention campaigns. Recognising the surge in financial frauds targeting unsuspecting individuals, we established cyber police stations in Nerul, Panvel, and Vashi. Additionally, we equipped every police station with a dedicated cyber cell to investigate smaller cybercrimes. Strengthening the Economics Offences Wing and establishing a Financial Intelligence Unit further bolstered our efforts to combat financial fraud. This unit actively identifies and addresses Ponzi schemes and other fraudulent activities, engaging with schools, colleges, societies, and malls to raise awareness and prevent financial losses among the public.
Ensuring the safety of women and children was paramount. We established Nirbhaya squads in all police stations, equipped with dedicated vehicles and staffed by female constables to respond swiftly to incidents involving women’s safety. Through extensive social media outreach and awareness campaigns, we aim to educate women about domestic violence, harassment, and cyber-related crimes, providing them with accessible channels like the toll-free number – 112 – to seek assistance and support where they receive immediate response.
Furthermore, we implemented initiatives to support senior citizens, particularly those lacking social support networks. Regular visits from police personnel, security audits of their residences, and education on cybercrime and financial fraud aimed to enhance their safety and well-being, underscoring our commitment to safeguarding all members of the community.
These are wonderful initiatives that send a clear message to the community on the seriousness the police takes in safeguarding the vulnerable. How many police stations currently fall under your jurisdiction?
Currently, there are 20 police stations operating within our jurisdiction in Navi Mumbai, and each of these stations implements the various initiatives we have discussed.
In addition to these initiatives, we also focus on enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of police administration. Measures such as the Nelson System, Investigation Bike System, Yatharth, and the Digital Evidence Collection System have been implemented to improve transparency, streamline administrative processes, expedite justice delivery, and enhance the productivity of our personnel.
The establishment of the EMC (Evidence Management Centre) ensures proper storage and sequential organisation of all evidence collected from crime scenes, with digitalisation of related documents for ease of access and reference. Furthermore, the m-POLICE application has been developed specifically for police administration, encompassing modules for establishment, administration, operational requirements, and welfare initiatives. This comprehensive system aims to optimise organisational processes and facilitate efficient management across various domains.
Could you elaborate on the steps taken to enhance transparency and reliability in police services and ensure smooth cop-community connect?
Our approach has been to foster transparency and openness, reassuring the public about the reliability of police services. Whether it is passport verification, character verification, or various licenses, we have made significant strides in digitising these processes, ensuring completion within stipulated timelines. By offering these services online, we have eliminated the need for intermediaries or agents. Following the prescribed procedure guarantees timely and efficient service delivery, enhancing trust and cooperation between the police and the community.
Are you satisfied with your tenure?
Yes, I would say there is certainly initial satisfaction. The positive response from the public is particularly heartening. They readily acknowledge positive initiatives taken by the police, especially those aimed at improving services for citizens. It is gratifying to see people benefiting from our efforts. Ultimately, our actions must impact people’s lives positively. If our efforts only serve our interests and do not reach the community, they hold little value. It is essential for our work to resonate with the public and for them to provide feedback indicating its impact on their lives.
How do you maintain your composure despite facing numerous challenging assignments? Do you seek spiritual guidance or practice meditation?
I believe in leading a simple life and strive to contribute positively to society. While I have not been able to maintain a consistent meditation practice, I find solace in giving myself moments of respite. Whether I am playing or working out in the gym, I immerse myself fully in the activity at hand, almost entering a meditative state. For me, the key lies in maintaining focus and concentration on whatever I do. While setting aside dedicated time for meditation is not always feasible, I find that mindfulness in daily activities helps me stay grounded and composed amidst challenges.
How do you view the involvement of ordinary citizens in communicating with the police? How often do you witness this support being extended to law enforcement?
It is essentially a feedback loop. When the police maintain open lines of communication through various channels — whether in person, via post, email, WhatsApp, or social media — and actively engage with citizens by acknowledging and responding to their input, feedback tends to flow more freely. Conversely, if the police are inaccessible or unresponsive, citizens may attempt to reach out a few times but eventually disengage.
As for citizens offering their support to policing efforts, some individuals are keen to contribute in whatever capacity they can during their spare time. This could involve providing meals or other forms of assistance to the police.
During your tenure as CP, I noticed that almost all police stations are open to suggestions. What is your secret?
I believe it is largely about leadership and fostering a culture of openness and accessibility. Each city has its unique culture, and the approach of its leaders plays a significant role in shaping the dynamics within the police force and its interaction with the community.
We have also noticed visible improvement in the police department’s reception towards the public. However, many citizens still expect more from the police. How can this expectation be addressed?
It starts with proactive engagement. By taking the initiative to reach out to the community and actively seeking their input, we can bridge this gap. I am confident that if we make an effort to engage with people, they will respond positively. It is about our willingness to approach them and establish meaningful connections.
Could you share some hobbies you pursue? How do they contribute to your overall well-being?
I have explored various hobbies over time, believing in the richness of experiencing diverse activities. I hold a black belt in karate. In the realm of sports, I have excelled in shooting, winning gold medals in championships. I have also pursued paragliding courses, seeking adventure and new challenges. Currently, I am engaged in golf, finding enjoyment and relaxation in the game. Additionally, I maintain a strict fitness regimen to keep my body in shape. To balance it all, I try to incorporate meditation into my routine to cultivate a calm temperament.
As joint CP Traffic, do you believe relief can be provided to areas like Versova, Amboli, and Saki Naka during peak hours?
The challenges in these areas largely stem from developmental and planning issues. For instance, if infrastructure like Gokhale Bridge is not properly reconstructed or planned, it significantly impacts traffic flow, leaving limited options for the traffic police to address the situation. Moreover, the indiscriminate granting of permissions aggravates these challenges.
Regarding traffic management in Navi Mumbai, it is worth noting that the city benefits from careful planning, which essentially restricts some challenges. Nonetheless, efforts have been made to address existing issues and enhance traffic management. Our DCP Traffic and the dedicated team have been instrumental in implementing initiatives aimed at improving traffic flow. Leveraging my experience as joint CP Traffic, I offer guidance and support to the team as they work diligently to manage traffic effectively. Despite the challenges, Mumbai’s traffic police maintain a commendable culture of dedication and professionalism.
What were the most challenging assignments that have deeply impacted you?
As Joint CP Crime, I encountered numerous challenges that tested my resolve. In previous assignments, the initiatives I spearheaded were largely our own, and their impact might not have been widely acknowledged. However, as Joint CP Crime, we faced considerable scrutiny and criticism, particularly following high-profile cases like Antilia. Despite this, our efforts in combating narcotics and cybercrime were driven by a genuine commitment to serving society.
Did you collaborate with the EOW (Economic Offences Wing) for cybercrime investigations during your tenure as Joint CP Crime?
The Crime Branch primarily handles investigations, including those related to cybercrime. While the EOW deals with economic offenses, cybercrime falls within the purview of Joint CP Crime. The Crime Branch is more focused on practical, field-oriented aspects of investigation, while the EOW tends to be more desk-bound. Both units face challenging cases, but their areas of focus and approaches differ accordingly.
The conviction rate in the EOW often faces challenges, resulting in cases lingering without closure. Can you elaborate on the nature of these challenges?
Certainly, there are significant stakes involved in EOW cases, and the complexity of these challenges contributes to prolonged investigations and trials. This reality underscores the importance of initiatives like Mission Conviction, recently inaugurated in Navi Mumbai by the Deputy CM. The ultimate goal is to secure convictions, providing justice and closure to the aggrieved parties.
You mentioned earlier about a particular case that left a lasting impact on you. Could you elaborate on that?
As CP Crime in Mumbai, the Antilia incident presented a particularly steep challenge, significantly affecting the image of the Mumbai Police. Its reputation of is largely shaped by the performance of its Crime and Traffic departments. While law and order is crucial, it is often taken for granted. Ultimately, creating a safe and secure environment falls under the purview of law and order.
Would you like to share more before we conclude this interview?
Introducing new initiatives within the Department is always a daunting task, requiring extensive groundwork and change management efforts. It is not a straightforward process. Despite the challenges, we have accomplished a lot in Navi Mumbai within a short span. However, effectively communicating and implementing these changes among constables, who are the primary point of interaction with the public, remains a significant challenge. Permeating change within their ranks and managing it effectively is indeed a formidable task