Category: Cover Story

In a significant diplomatic engagement, the Prime Minister of India recently hosted European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, along with the EU College of Commissioners, marking a crucial moment in India-EU relations. This historic visit, the inaugural instance of the College of Commissioners convening outside Europe at the commencement of a new EU mandate, underscores the shared commitment to augmenting strategic cooperation across diverse sectors.

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and President Ursula von der Leyen asserted that the EU-India Strategic Partnership has generated substantial benefits for their respective populations and the broader global community. They pledged to elevate this partnership, building on two decades of the India-EU Strategic Partnership and over thirty years of cooperation under the India-EC Cooperation Agreement.

President von der Leyen’s official visit on 27-28 February 2025 is particularly noteworthy as it represents the first occasion that the College of Commissioners has convened outside the European continent since their new mandate began, as well as the first such engagement in the annals of India-EU bilateral relations.

As two of the largest democracies and open market economies with diverse pluralistic societies, India and the EU reaffirmed their collective commitment to fostering a resilient multipolar global order that underpins peace, stability, economic growth, and sustainable development.

A Partnership for a Transforming World

In light of the rapid transformations characterising the global landscape—driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, emerging technologies, and fluctuating geopolitical and economic dynamics—the partnership between India and the EU assumes heightened importance. Both entities, unified by democratic values and a commitment to a rules-based international order, continue to bolster their collaboration to address global challenges while unlocking new economic and technological possibilities.

Reflecting on the two-decade-long strategic partnership, the Prime Minister commended the high-level ministerial engagements that occurred during the visit, which included approximately twenty bilateral meetings and a productive session of the India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC). These discussions have laid a robust foundation for deeper collaboration across multiple domains.

Key Areas of Cooperation

The leaders underscored that shared values and principles—such as democracy, the rule of law, and adherence to a rules-based international order aligned with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter—position India and the EU as like-minded and trusted partners. The India-EU Strategic Partnership is deemed essential now more than ever to collaboratively address global issues, foster stability, and promote mutual prosperity.

In this context, the leaders delineated eight strategic priorities that will shape the next phase of India-EU cooperation:

Supply Chain Resilience

The India-EU Trade and Technology Council will be directed to enhance its engagement to foster outcome-oriented cooperation in areas pertaining to economic security and supply chain resilience. This includes market access and trade barriers, augmentation of semiconductor ecosystems, sustainable artificial intelligence, high-performance computing, 6G technology, digital public infrastructure, and collaborative research and innovation targeting green and clean energy technologies. Emphasis will also be placed on trustworthy partnerships and industry linkages across these sectors, particularly regarding the recycling of batteries for electric vehicles, addressing marine plastic litter, and converting waste to green or renewable hydrogen. In this regard, progress in the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding on semiconductors for strengthening supply chains has been welcomed, which includes leveraging complementary strengths and facilitating talent exchanges to enhance semiconductor skills among students and young professionals. Additionally, the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding between the Bharat 6G alliance and the EU 6G Smart Networks and Services Industry Association aims to create secure and trusted telecommunications while fostering resilient supply chains.

Strategic Technologies, Digital Governance, and Digital

Connectivity

India and the European Union (EU) have reaffirmed their commitment to enhancing digital cooperation through the establishment of the Working Group on Strategic Technologies. Both parties aim to facilitate a human-centric digital transformation by advancing key areas such as artificial intelligence (AI), semiconductors, high-performance computing, and 6G technology, thereby ensuring economic security and competitiveness.

The parties have agreed to improve the interoperability of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) while prioritising the protection of human rights, privacy, and intellectual property. The mutual recognition of electronic signatures is expected to streamline cross-border digital transactions.

To fortify semiconductor supply chains, India and the EU will collaborate on research and development (R&D) in chip design, sustainable technologies, and advanced manufacturing processes. Additionally, the launch of talent exchange programmes will further enhance this collaboration.

In terms of AI, both sides are committed to its safe, responsible, and trustworthy development, with plans to expand cooperation between the European AI Office and the India AI Mission. Joint initiatives will focus on ethical AI, large language models, and their applications in climate science and bioinformatics.

A newly established 6G partnership between the Bharat 6G Alliance and the EU’s 6G Smart Networks Association will align research and development priorities and bolster telecommunications security. Further cooperation will encompass standardisation in information technology and telecommunications, the development of digital skills, and the establishment of legal frameworks for skilled professionals.

Both parties have also pledged to collaborate on the implementation of the Global Digital Compact and advance multi-stakeholder internet governance, particularly through WSIS+20.

Clean and Green Technologies

India and the EU have reiterated their commitment to achieving net-zero emissions, with India targeting 2070 and the EU aiming for 2050, through technological innovation, investment, and market collaboration. To propel advancements in clean technologies, they intend to strengthen R&D partnerships, support startups and small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and promote the market adoption of innovative solutions.

A joint research fund amounting to EUR 60 million has been established for critical sustainability initiatives, including battery recycling for electric vehicles, the detection of marine plastic litter, and waste-to-hydrogen technologies. Expert exchanges will address EV interoperability, charging infrastructure, and standardisation. Moreover, an Ideathon will facilitate collaborative problem-solving regarding marine plastic pollution, while both sides will explore harmonised hydrogen safety standards and advances in wastewater treatment technologies.

Trade, Investment, and Resilient Value Chains

India and the EU are committed to fostering resilient, diversified, and sustainable value chains, complementing ongoing negotiations regarding the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the Investment Protection Agreement (IPA). Their collaboration will span several key sectors:

1. Agriculture – Focus on strengthening climate-resilient farming practices, crop diversification, and strategies for food security.

2. Pharmaceuticals – Aim to enhance transparency and sustainability in the supply chains of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs).

3. Clean Technologies – Work towards expanding supply chains for solar energy, offshore wind energy, and hydrogen while minimising trade barriers and encouraging investment.

Both parties will continue to address market access issues and enhance cooperation regarding Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) screening. They have reaffirmed their support for reforms within the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and a functional dispute resolution system, alongside ongoing discussions regarding the EU’s Carbon Border Mechanism (CBAM) to address challenges facing SMEs.

Reiterating their commitment to strengthen economic and technological cooperation, India and the EU plan to reconvene within a year for the next Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting to evaluate progress and establish new priorities.

Connectivity and Climate Action

Concrete steps will be undertaken to realise the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), as announced during the G20 Leaders’ Summit in New Delhi. Additionally, both parties will further deepen their cooperation within the framework of the International Solar Alliance (ISA), the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT 2.0), and the Global Biofuels Alliance.

Furthermore, India and the EU will continue to expand and deepen collaboration in connectivity, clean energy, climate, water management, smart and sustainable urbanization, and disaster management. Specific areas of intensified cooperation will include clean hydrogen, offshore wind energy, solar energy, sustainable urban mobility, aviation, and rail systems. In this context, both parties have welcomed the agreement to hold an India-EU Green Hydrogen Forum and the India-EU Business Summit on Offshore Wind Energy.

Defence Cooperation

The leaders have expressed satisfaction with the growth of cooperation within the defence and security sectors, which includes joint exercises and collaboration between the Indian Navy and EU maritime security entities. The EU has welcomed India’s interest in participating in projects under the EU’s Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) and engaging in negotiations for a Security of Information Agreement (SoIA). The leaders also reaffirmed their commitment to exploring a security and defence partnership.

People-to-People Ties

India and the European Union (EU) are committed to enhancing their people-to-people ties across various sectors including education, research, culture, sports, tourism, and youth exchanges. This collaboration aims to foster mutual understanding, create economic opportunities, and promote shared growth, reflecting a longstanding commitment to a more interconnected future.

India continues to be a primary beneficiary of the EU’s Erasmus+ program, with over 6,000 scholarships awarded. Additionally, more than 2,700 Indian researchers have participated in the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, representing the highest participation rate globally. The inauguration of India’s first Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence at Manipal Academy further strengthens academic cooperation. In recognition of India’s skilled workforce and the labour market needs within the EU, both parties have initiated Phase II of the India-EU Migration and Mobility project. This project seeks to facilitate legal migration and mitigate irregular movement, with Indian professionals now acquiring over 20% of EU Blue Cards. Efforts to streamline Schengen visa processes and enhance air connectivity, as established under the 2008 Horizontal Civil Aviation Agreement, are expected to boost business, tourism, and academic exchanges. Furthermore, expanded cultural, sports, and youth collaborations will enhance cross-cultural understanding and fortify long-term ties. Through these initiatives, India and the EU are establishing a foundation for a more interconnected and mutually beneficial partnership.

During recent discussions, the leaders addressed key international and regional issues, including the Middle East and the war in Ukraine. They reaffirmed their dedication to achieving a just and lasting peace in Ukraine, grounded in adherence to international law, the UN Charter, as well as the principles of territorial integrity and sovereignty. Regarding the Israel-Palestine conflict, both parties reiterated their steadfast support for a two-state solution, envisioning peaceful coexistence within recognised borders in accordance with international law.

Acknowledging the depth and productivity of their dialogue, the leaders agreed upon a series of concrete steps to advance bilateral cooperation. They committed to expediting the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) by the conclusion of the year and to intensifying discussions regarding defense industry collaboration and related policy initiatives. A review meeting with stakeholders will evaluate progress concerning the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), while efforts to enhance maritime domain awareness will improve shared assessments, coordination, and interoperability.

To foster technological and economic collaboration, both parties agreed to convene the next Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting at the earliest opportunity to deepen cooperation in semiconductors and other critical technologies. They also pledged to enhance dialogue among governments and industries concerning clean and green energy, with a particular focus on green hydrogen. In the Indo-Pacific region, cooperation will be expanded through trilateral initiatives, reinforcing shared strategic priorities. Additionally, efforts to strengthen disaster management coordination will be advanced through both policy and technical engagements, improving preparedness, response capabilities, and overall resilience.

A Vision for the Future

As preparations for the forthcoming India-EU Summit are underway, both parties reiterated their commitment to ambitious actions and a shared vision for a resilient global order. President von der Leyen acknowledged India’s increasing role in shaping international developments, while the Prime Minister emphasissed the importance of speed and strategic foresight in an era characterized by rapid technological advancements. The session concluded with a mutual optimism for the future, with both leaders agreeing to organize the next India-EU Summit at the earliest opportunity, during which a new joint Strategic Agenda will be adopted. This high-level engagement represents a significant moment in India-EU relations, setting the stage for deeper cooperation and sustainable global progress in the years to come.              

An informal grouping of countries that has evolved into an intergovernmental organisation, BRICS serves as a forum for cooperation among nine leading emerging economies: Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Russia, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates.

BRICS, an intergovernmental organisation, was initially identified to highlight investment opportunities in emerging markets. Over time, it evolved into a geopolitical bloc, with member governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies since 2009.

The principles of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit primarily guide relations among BRICS countries.

The founding countries—Brazil, Russia, India, and China—held their first leaders’ summit in Russia in 2009 under the name “BRIC.” Following the Group’s expansion, South Africa joined in 2010 and participated as a full member at the 2011 Summit. Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates attended their first Summit as full member States during the 2024 Summit in Russia. The acronym “BRICS+” has been informally used to reflect the inclusion of these new members.

BRICS institutions are regarded as alternatives to Western-led organisations such as those dominated by the G7 Bloc of advanced economies. Collectively, BRICS has introduced various initiatives, including the New Development Bank (NDB), the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS Pay, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication, and the proposed BRICS basket reserve currency.

These initiatives have garnered praise and criticism from analysts and commentators, reflecting the group’s growing influence in global economic and political arenas.

How BRICS Came to Be

The term “BRIC” was originally coined to describe foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication Building Better Global Economic BRICs by Jim O’Neill, who was then the head of global economics research at Goldman Sachs and later served as Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC countries—Brazil, Russia, India, and China—met for the first time in New York City in September 2006 on the sidelines of the General Debate of the UN Assembly. This meeting marked the beginning of a series of high-level diplomatic engagements. A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on June 16, 2009.

The first formal BRIC Summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, took place on June 16, 2009. It was attended by the leaders of the four founding nations: Luis Inácio Lula da Silva (Brazil), Dmitry Medvedev (Russia), Manmohan Singh (India), and Hu Jintao (China). The Summit’s primary focus was improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions. The discussions also explored ways for the four countries to enhance cooperation in addressing global challenges and increasing the involvement of developing nations—like three-quarters of the BRIC members—in global affairs.

Following the Yekaterinburg Summit, the BRIC nations announced the necessity of establishing a new global reserve currency characterised by diversity, stability, and predictability. Although their statement did not explicitly criticise the perceived “dominance” of the US dollar—an issue Russia had raised in the past—it did trigger a decline in the dollar’s value against other major currencies.

Expansion in 2010

In 2010, South Africa initiated efforts to join the BRIC grouping. The formal admission process began in August of that year. On December 24, 2010, South Africa officially became a member after being formally invited by China and subsequently accepted by the other BRIC nations. The group was renamed BRICS, with the “S” representing South Africa, to reflect the expanded membership. In April 2011, South African President Jacob Zuma attended the BRICS Summit in Sanya, China, as a full member for the first time.

New Development Bank

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to increase the lending capacity of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this contribution was contingent upon IMF voting reforms.

By March 2013, during the fifth BRICS Summit held in Durban, South Africa, member countries agreed to establish a global financial institution as an alternative to the Western-dominated IMF and World Bank. This initiative was the foundation of the New Development Bank (NDB), with plans for its formal establishment by 2014.

During a BRICS leaders’ meeting in St. Petersburg in September 2013, financial commitments toward the reserve pool were announced: China pledged $41 billion; Brazil, India, and Russia each committed $18 billion, and South Africa contributed $5 billion. As China held the world’s largest foreign exchange reserves, it sought a more significant managerial role and proposed hosting the reserve fund.

In October 2013, Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov confirmed that $100 billion would be designated to stabilise currency markets, with implementation targeted for early 2014. Brazilian Finance Minister Guido Mantega further confirmed that the fund would be operational by March 2014. However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and the Development Bank were delayed, with the timeline pushed to 2015.

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS Summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the BRICS members officially signed agreements to establish the $100 billion New Development Bank (formerly referred to as the “BRICS Development Bank”) and a reserve currency pool worth an additional $100 billion. Other agreements included cooperation frameworks between BRICS export credit agencies and collaborative innovation strategies.

The Fortaleza Summit was followed by a meeting in Brasília between BRICS leaders and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) presidents, further solidifying cooperation between the two groups.

A Range of Initiatives

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS nations—comprising IBGE (Brazil), Rosstat (Russia), the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office of India, and Statistics South Africa—have collaborated on an annual joint statistical publication. This initiative aims to provide a unified data platform, offering statistical comparisons, insights into adopted methodologies and results beneficial to all participating countries.

In 2012, BRICS began planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system, referred to as the BRICS Cable, to facilitate secure telecommunications between member countries. This project was partly motivated by concerns over surveillance by the U.S. National Security Agency, which monitored global telecommunications traffic flowing through the United States. However, as of 2023, the construction of this cable system had yet to commence.

In August 2019, during the fifth meeting of BRICS communication ministers in Brasília, Brazil, a letter of intent was signed to enhance cooperation in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector. This agreement underscored the Group’s commitment to advancing technological collaboration.

The New Development Bank (NDB), a key BRICS institution, announced plans to disburse $15 billion to member states to support struggling economies after the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 BRICS Summit, held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, focused on addressing the pandemic’s impact and reforming the multilateral system.

At the 13th BRICS Summit in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19, urging full cooperation from all nations under the World Health Organisation (WHO). In response, Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasised the need for BRICS nations to oppose the politicisation of the investigation process.

In May 2023, South Africa announced plans to grant diplomatic immunity to Russian President Vladimir Putin and other officials, allowing them to attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the International Criminal Court (ICC) arrest warrant against Putin. However, in July 2023, Putin confirmed that he would not personally attend the Johannesburg Summit, held from August 22 to 24. Instead. He participated remotely, delivering remarks and joining all BRICS leaders’ sessions, including the Business Forum, through virtual channels.

2024 Expansion

At the 15th BRICS Summit in August 2023, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced the invitation of six emerging market countries—Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)—to join the bloc. Full membership for these nations was initially scheduled to commence on January 1, 2024.

However, political developments in Argentina disrupted its anticipated membership. Following the November 2023 general election, Argentina’s new President, Javier Milei, pledged to withdraw the country’s application. On November 30, 2023, incoming Foreign Minister Diana Mondino confirmed Argentina’s decision not to join BRICS. By December 29, 2023, the Argentine government formally communicated its withdrawal from the application process to all BRICS leaders.

Saudi Arabia also delayed its entry into BRICS. While initially slated to join on January 1, 2024, the country announced in mid-January that it was still evaluating its decision. As of April 2024, Saudi Arabia’s membership remained under consideration.

The BRICS expansion was framed as a strategic move to foster a multipolar global order, counterbalancing the Western-dominated geopolitical landscape. China Daily highlighted the expansion as evidence of increasing interest from developing nations in joining BRICS.

On October 24, 2024, the Bloc extended invitations to 13 additional countries—Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam—to participate as “observer partner countries.” While these nations were not granted full membership, their observer status allows them limited engagement and support from BRICS member States.

Currently, the economic and political dynamics of the Bloc are significantly influenced by China, which contributes approximately 70% of the organisation’s total GDP. Among the member countries, Brazil, India, and China are notable for their inclusion in the world’s top ten nations by population, land area, and gross domestic product (GDP) in both nominal and purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

As of 2024, all five founding members of BRICS—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—are also members of the G20. Together, they represent a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (27% of the global gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of approximately US$65 trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and combined foreign reserves estimated at US$5.2 trillion.

BRICS Summits

Since 2009, BRICS has held annual summits, with each member country taking turns to host. Before South Africa’s admission, two BRIC summits took place in 2009 and 2010.

The First Summit with all five BRICS members was held in 2011 in China, marking the expanded group’s formal meeting.

The First Summit with all nine member countries occurred in 2024 in Russia.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020, 2021, and 2022 Summits were conducted via video conference, adapting to the global health crisis. 

At the Kazan Summit, Russia made a concerted push for the creation of a new payment system, aiming to provide an alternative to the global bank messaging network SWIFT. This proposal is part of Moscow’s strategy to circumvent Western sanctions imposed in response to its war in Ukraine.

Russian President Vladimir Putin envisions BRICS—recently expanded to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates alongside Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—as a powerful counterweight to Western influence in global politics and trade. A cornerstone of this vision is an alternative international payment platform, designed to shield participating nations from Western sanctions and reduce reliance on the US dollar.

The Kazan Summit, held from October 22 to 24, 2024, was presented by Moscow as evidence that Western attempts to isolate Russia have failed. Central to Russia’s agenda was its call for overhauling the global financial system to diminish the dominance of the dollar.

Central to this initiative is a proposal for a new payment system based on a network of commercial banks linked through the BRICS central banks, as outlined in a document prepared by Russia’s finance ministry and central bank, and distributed to journalists ahead of the Summit.

The proposed system would leverage blockchain technology to store and transfer digital tokens backed by national currencies. This framework would enable these currencies to be exchanged securely and efficiently, bypassing the need for transactions in U.S. dollars.

Russia views this proposal as a solution to its growing challenges in settling trade payments, even with friendly nations like China, where local banks are wary of potential secondary sanctions imposed by the United States.

One specific mechanism under discussion is the BRICS Cross-Border Payment System, designed to facilitate trade in local currencies. This shift is partially driven by perceptions of increasing risks associated with the U.S. dollar. However, the focus on local currencies is not solely about de-dollarisation but also about achieving cheaper and more efficient transactions.

For Russia, cut off from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT), this represents a financial lifeline. For Egypt, it offers a way to alleviate pressure on foreign reserves. Meanwhile, South Africa, Brazil, and India are adopting a more cautious approach, favouring diversification without fully divesting from the dollar.

Russian President Vladimir Putin, who presided over the closing session of the BRICS Summit, lauded the Bloc’s role in countering Western policies. He emphasised the need for a new payment system to bypass sanctions, aiming to counterbalance what he referred to as the West’s “perverse methods.”

Putin accused the West of attempting to suppress the rising power of the Global South through illegal unilateral sanctions, blatant protectionism, manipulation of currency and stock markets, and persistent foreign influence, all under the guise of promoting democracy, human rights, and the climate change agenda.

“Such perverse methods and approaches – to put it bluntly – lead to the emergence of new conflicts and the exacerbation of existing disputes,” Putin stated.

However, Yaroslav Lissovolik, founder of the BRICS+ Analytics think tank, noted that while the creation of such a system is technically feasible, it would take time. “After the significant expansion of BRICS membership last year, achieving consensus has arguably become more challenging,” he remarked.

The Russian document accuses existing institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), of primarily serving the interests of Western countries and argues that these institutions need reforms to reflect the evolving global economy better. Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov recently urged BRICS members to establish an alternative to the IMF.

In addition to proposals aimed at facilitating trade and investment, Russia has put forward the idea of creating a ‘BRICS Clear’ platform to facilitate trade in securities. The document also calls for improved communication between credit rating agencies in BRICS countries, alongside the development of a common rating methodology. However, it stopped short of advocating the establishment of a joint BRICS rating agency, an idea that the Group had previously discussed.

A BRICS Grain Exchange

As the world’s top wheat exporter, Russia is also advocating for the creation of a BRICS grain trading exchange, supported by a pricing agency, to serve as an alternative to Western exchanges that currently set international agricultural commodity prices. Russia’s multifaceted initiatives underscore its determination to challenge Western dominance in global finance and trade. Whether these proposals gain traction depends on the ability of BRICS nations to navigate technical, political, and logistical hurdles. While the path to implementation may be fraught with challenges, the discussions signal a shift in the global economic order and the waning supremacy of the US dollar.              

The 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia, marked a transformative moment in the evolution of the Bloc, solidifying its role as a crucial platform for the Global South in addressing global challenges. As an inclusive multilateral forum open to emerging markets and developing countries, BRICS has positioned itself as a champion of international cooperation and sustainable development. With its continued growth and influence, the Bloc raises significant questions for the West about the keys to its success. For those seeking answers, the 2024 BRICS Summit offered many insights, writes Ivor Vaz.

The 16th annual BRICS Summit, held from October 22-24, 2024, in Kazan, Russia, was the first to feature Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates as members following their accession at the 15th Summit. The theme, Strengthening Multilateralism for Fair Global Development and Security, underscored the Bloc’s commitment to a more equitable global system.

Strengthening Russia’s Global Presence

Patryk Kugiel, Chief Analyst at the Asia-Pacific Programme of the Polish Institute of International Affairs, highlighted the Summit’s role in reshaping perceptions of Russia. “The worst mistake the West can make is to dismiss the Summit as mere theatre,” he warned, emphasising its diplomatic and strategic significance.

Says Kugiel: “The Summit was historic for two main reasons. First, as expected, it provided an easy diplomatic victory for Vladimir Putin. The Russian President demonstrated that he has not been isolated, trading an extra seat at the Group of Seven (G7) for a central role in the ‘B9,’ and potentially in an expanded ‘B-more’ in the future. Moreover, by advancing discussions on prioritising transactions in national currencies, he further loosened the grip of sanctions. He also positioned himself as a mediator by facilitating talks between the leaders of China and India for the first time in five years.”

“Secondly, and more importantly, it marked the first expansion of the Group since South Africa joined in 2010. Not only did the Summit add four new members, but over 30 countries reportedly expressed interest in future membership. Additionally, 13 States have already been admitted to the newly created category of partner countries. While expansion may amplify internal differences with potentially negative implications for cohesion, it also underscores the growing appeal of BRICS in the Global South,” he added.

Fyodor Lukyanov, Chair of the Council on Foreign and Defence Policy (Russia), echoed these sentiments, “The 2024 BRICS Summit demonstrated that Russia’s isolation is a Western construct. The rest of the world sees little value in joining the policy of pressuring Russia, irrespective of their stance on specific Russian actions.”

Milestones and Innovations

The Kazan Summit introduced significant developments that could reshape global economic and political landscapes. The Summit formally welcomed the new BRICS members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Notably, Argentina, expected to join, opted out in late 2023 due to a policy shift under President Javier Milei, reflecting a significant geopolitical development in Latin America, while Saudi Arabia is still considering its formal invitation.

Meanwhile, Miguel Díaz-Canel, the President of Cuba, was invited to the Summit but remained in Cuba due to the 2024 blackout. Aleksandar Vučić, the President of Serbia, could not attend because of a conflicting visit from European Union representatives to Serbia. Cuba and Serbia sent representatives to the Summit.

A core focus of the 2024 Summit was modernising security and economic cooperation, with key discussions ranging from counterterrorism to carbon-unit trading. The Summit also addressed critical security challenges, including cybersecurity, terrorism, and regional stability. Historically, the BRICS have been more successful in opposing Western dominance in global governance structures than in articulating a clear, cohesive vision for reform. The increased diversity within the expanded BRICS Bloc could complicate efforts to achieve unified policy positions, particularly in multilateral forums such as the Group of Twenty (G20).

While the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Plus (OPEC+) will continue to manage the international oil market, the expanded BRICS energy profile could influence the sector in the long term. Including the UAE and Iran significantly boosts the BRICS energy profile, and if Saudi Arabia formally accepts BRICS membership, the Bloc will represent 42% of the global oil supply. The presence of major oil exporters alongside key importers, China and India—both of which did not favour Western sanctions on Russia—highlights the Bloc’s potential to establish alternative trade mechanisms that bypass the dominance of the U.S. dollar and the financial influence of the Group of Seven (G7).

Key Outcomes

During the Summit, BRICS members introduced a revolutionary payment system named BRICS Pay, designed to streamline transactions and enable the exchange of financial information between the central banks of member nations. This system is an alternative to the Western interbank system SWIFT, facilitating smoother and more autonomous international settlements.

The BRICS Kazan Declaration was officially adopted, signalling a unified commitment to significant global reforms. BRICS nations emphasised the need to reform the United Nations and its Security Council, advocating for the full participation of the State of Palestine in the UN, contingent upon achieving a two-state solution. Additionally, BRICS nations agreed to explore the feasibility of establishing an autonomous cross-border settlement and depository system. To this end, finance ministers will continue evaluating the utilisation of national currencies, innovative payment tools, and alternative platforms, with a detailed report expected during the forthcoming Presidency.

On October 24, Russia hosted a plenary session of the 16th BRICS Summit in the BRICS Plus/Outreach format. This gathering brought together leaders from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), delegations from Asian, African, Middle Eastern, and Latin American nations, and heads of multiple international organisations, underscoring the Bloc’s expansive and inclusive approach.

In a significant step towards broader collaboration, 13 nations have been welcomed as BRICS partner countries. These include Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. This expansion highlights the growing appeal of BRICS as a platform for fostering global cooperation and addressing shared challenges across diverse regions.

Bilateral Dialogues: Deepening Partnerships

A series of high-level bilateral meetings during the Summit highlighted the Bloc’s role in fostering collaboration:

• China-Russia Cooperation

Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin held a bilateral meeting in Kazan, reaffirming the strength of China–Russia relations. Both leaders described their partnership as profound and resilient, even amidst turbulent geopolitical conditions. They emphasised the importance of advancing the comprehensive integration of the Belt and Road Initiative with the Eurasian Economic Union, a move aimed at facilitating and bolstering the high-quality development of their economies.

In anticipation of the 80th anniversary of the establishment of the United Nations and the victory in World War II in 2025, China and Russia agreed to deepen their comprehensive strategic cooperation. They pledged to uphold the international system centred on the United Nations.

The leaders also articulated a shared vision for enhancing the BRICS cooperation framework, to achieve what they termed “Greater BRICS Cooperation.”

Russia expressed interest in developing an alternative international payment solution within the BRICS framework to reduce dependence on traditional Western financial structures and mitigate the impact of U.S. secondary sanctions.

• India-China Rapprochement

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping held their first formal bilateral meeting in five years, following the deadly military clash between the two nations in 2020. The leaders announced they had agreed to resolve the four-year-long standoff, including the complete disengagement of troops. President Xi underscored the significance of the two ancient civilisations in the Global South, asserting that a stable and cooperative India-China relationship could serve as a model for other emerging nations.

Prime Minister Modi highlighted that maintaining steady progress in India–China relations is essential for the welfare and future of their combined 2.8 billion people. He noted that this stability is vital for their respective populations and for fostering regional and global peace and stability. Both nations agreed to approach their relationship with a strategic and long-term perspective. They stressed the importance of preventing isolated issues from adversely impacting their broader ties.

• India-Iran Partnership:

Discussions between PM Modi and Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian focused on strengthening trade and connectivity through the Chabahar Port and the International North-South Transport Corridor. They also addressed regional stability and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

President Pezeshkian accepted the invitation from PM Modi to visit India.

• Russia-South Africa Alignment:

South African President Cyril Ramaphosa held a bilateral meeting with Russian President Vladimir and reaffirmed Russia’s role as a “valued ally,” citing its support during the apartheid era.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and South African President Cyril Ramaphosa opted to attend the BRICS Summit over the 2024 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which took place in Samoa during the same week. The Independent noted that this decision highlights the prioritisation by these two Commonwealth nations of strengthening ties with China and Russia over the broader, yet less focused, agenda of CHOGM.

Amidst growing differences between India and Russia due to India’s growing closeness with the US and Russia’s congruence with China, India and Russia held the 21st India-Russia Annual Summit to discuss the entire gamut of bilateral relations, including regional and global issues. Recent events saw the distancing of Russia from India through the re-evaluation of its position as regards to AF-Pak region and the Indo-Pacific. Further Russia’s worsening relations with the West and lack of support for its position including from India saw the necessity to sit down and discuss the issues and reduce the trust deficit among the two. India and Russia focused on ways to boost bilateral cooperation in areas ranging from defence to energy and a coordinated approach to regional issues. N Chandra Shekar reports…

INDIAN PRIME MINISTER Narendra Modi welcomed Russian President Vladimir Putin emphasising the importance of strategic relations between the two nations. Referring to the Russian President as a “friend”, PM Modi said “our meeting today will strengthen our Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership. The initiatives that we take today will further increase the scope of our cooperation to new areas’.

Modi also noted in his opening remarks that this was only Putin’s second foreign visit since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic and reflects his personal commitment to bilateral relations. The year 2021 is important for bilateral ties as it marks five decades of the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation of 1971 and two decades of the bilateral strategic partnership, he added.

In his opening remarks ahead of the bilateral meeting He said, “2021 is also special for our Strategic Partnership. Today was the inaugural meeting of the 2+2 dialogue between our Foreign and Defence Ministers. This has started a new mechanism to enhance our practical cooperation,”. India-Russia relations have been one of the success stories of global diplomacy and PM Modi’s warm relationship with President Putin has stood the test of the dynamic geopolitical situations and their congruence on global issues will influence regional and global politics.

President Putin said Russia perceives India as a “great power” with whom relations “are developing and are looking to the future”. Though trade turnover declined by more than 17% in 2020, the growth was more than 38% in the first nine months of 2021, he said. Total bilateral investments now stand at $38 billion, and this is roughly equally divided, with slightly more investments from the Russian side, Putin said, adding the two sides are also cooperating in areas such as energy, high technology and space. “We continue to work actively in the international arena, and… our positions on very many issues do coincide. We are undoubtedly concerned about everything related to terrorism and the fight against it, as well as drugs and organised crime,” he said. The two sides are also concerned about the developing situation in Afghanistan, he added.

India-Russia economic relations have been lopsided and marked by a steep imbalance favouring Russia. India-Russia annual trade in goods is about $10 billion. Whereas Russia’s trade with China is around $100 billion. In contrast India’s trade with US and China is around $100 billion. During the last 20 summits both sides have been repeatedly reiterating the need for enhancing trade and investment ties. One of the most visible glaring aspect of India Russia ties is its failure to boost trade. Trade between India and Russia has been one way with India becoming Russia’s largest armament buyer other than energy. This summit has dawned on both of them a new sense of realisation to leverage on the strong historical ties and lay new grounds for expansive economic cooperation.

The India-Russia Joint Statement called ‘Partnership for Peace, Progress and Prosperity’ said, “The completion of 5 decades of the 1971 Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation and 2 decades of Declaration on Strategic Partnership is symbolic of the long standing and time-tested India-Russia relations characterized by mutual trust, respect for each other’s core national interests and similarity of positions on various international and regional issues.” The meeting saw the signing of 28 agreements across sectors from defence to energy to space exploration, science and technology, heavy engineering, to trade and investment.

Agreements/MoUs signed during the 21st India-Russia Annual Summit in New Delhi

Roadmap for science, technology and innovation cooperation between the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of the Republic of India.

Memorandum of cooperation in the field of intellectual property between the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of the Republic of India and the Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Russian Federation.

Agreement on Program of the Military-Technical Cooperation from 2021-2031. [This 10-year defence cooperation programme outlines the ongoing defence cooperation and future possible cooperation between the two countries. Such agreements have been signed since 1994.]

A MoU between Joint Stock Company Rosgeologia (ROSGEO), a legal entity incorporated under the laws of the Russian Federation and Geological Survey of India (GSI), Ministry of Mines, Government of the Republic of India on cooperation in the field of geoscience. [It seeks cooperation in the field of earth sciences and geological study of subsoil, long-term cooperation in the area of geological onshore and offshore exploration works.]

Protocol on introduction of amendments to the Merchant Shipping Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the Russian Federation. [It introduces an amendment leading to recognising the seafarer’s identity documents.]

A cultural exchange programme between the Ministry of Culture of the Government of the Republic of India and the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation for the years 2021-2024.

Protocol between the Department of State Support of the Art and Folk Creativity of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and Indian Council for Cultural Relations under the Ministry of External Affairs of the Republic of India on the organisation of culture festivals between the Russian Federation and the Republic of India for 2022-2023.

An agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the Russian Federation on technology protection due to cooperation in the field of research and use of outer space for peaceful purposes and building and operation of launch vehicles and ground-based space infrastructure.

Protocol between Government of the Russian Federation and Government of the Republic of India on allotment of land plots for allocation of Consular offices of the Republic of India in the Russian Federation and terms of housing the Consulate General of the Republic of India in the city of Vladivostok.

Commercial and other Agreements/MoUs

A MoU between Opto-electronics Factory, Dehradun and JSC Rosoboronexport.

A cooperation agreement between Reserve Bank of India and the Bank of Russia in the field of responding to cyber attacks

A MoU on cooperation between ICAI (The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India) and IPAR (The Institute of Professional Accountants of Russia). [It seeks to establish collaboration through joint research, quality support, capability and capacity building.]

A MoU for cooperation in the power sector between NTPC Ltd, Government of India Enterprise and Inter Rao-Export LLC.

A memorandum of cooperation between SAIL and Russian Company SSC FSUE TsNIIchermet im. I. P. Bardin. [It seeks to join efforts in carrying out research, technological and strategic work in the field of metallurgical technologies.]

A memorandum of cooperation between JSPL (Jindal Steel and Power Ltd) and Russian Company SSC FSUE TsNIIchermet im. I. P. Bardin. [It seeks to join efforts in carrying out research, technological and strategic work in the field of metallurgical technologies.]

A MoU between JSW Steel Ltd and Russian Company SSC FSUE TsNIIchermet im. I. P. Bardin. [It seeks to join efforts in carrying out research, technological and strategic work in the field of metallurgical technologies.]

A statement of intent of collaboration between IOCL and SIBUR. [It seeks to consider the possibility to explore the feasibility of setting up a Dual Feed Cracker Unit along with downstream units at Odisha.]

A MoU between National Sports University, Imphal and Russian International Olympic University (RIOU), Sochi, Russia.

A MoU between Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (India) and A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Centre of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (NSCMB FEB RAS) (Russian Federation). [It seeks to establish Centre for Excellence in Blue Economy for collaborative exchanges]

A MoU between Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India and Southern Federal University, Russia. [It seeks to collaborate on academic and research activities, exchange of academic information, student and faculty exchange etc.]

An agreement for academic collaboration between University of Delhi and Skoltech University, Moscow. [It seeks to promote capacity-building and expertise in scientific areas and is aimed at developing programmes and exchanges for national technological development.]

An agreement between the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University) and University of Delhi. [It seeks to promote cooperation in life sciences in the fields of Nano-medicine, Regenerative Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Bio-medical Science, Translational Medicine, Pre-clinical and Clinical Research, New Drug Discovery, Industrial Technologies and Entrepreneurship.]

A MoU between Uttar Pradesh FICCI and BCCI, Russia. [It seeks to establish links, exchange experience in international cooperation, small and medium businesses.]

A MoU on manpower supplies between Magic Billion and Volshebny Milliard.

A statement of intent of collaboration between IOCL and Gazpromneft for VGO Hydrocracking Technology, Catalytic Iso-dewaxing for lobs and catalyst regeneration for fixed bed catalyst.

A MoU between Rosneft and OVLled Indian Consortium on Training Cooperation. [It seeks to provide education and training programs in the oil and gas sector.]

A MoU between Indian Trade Promotion Organisation and Roscongress Foundation for bilateral trade cooperation.

A crude oil supply agreement between Rosneft and Indian Oil Corp. Ltd. [It seeks to renew the previous contract between Rosneft and IOCL.]. FOCUS 28 Oct-Nov-Dec | 2021 OPEN TRADE African Continental

PRESIDENT JOSEPH R. BIDEN welcomed Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the White House today for their first in-person Leaders’ engagement, renewing their close relationship and charting a new course to advance the partnership between the world’s largest democracies.

The Leaders affirmed a clear vision that will guide the U.S.-India relationship forward: building a strategic partnership and working together with regional groupings, including ASEAN and Quad members, to promote shared interests in the Indo-Pacific region and beyond; developing a trade and investment partnership that increases prosperity for working families in both countries; finishing the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and other health challenges; galvanizing global efforts to scale up climate action; strengthening democratic values and institutions in support of our respective peoples; and enhancing people-to-people ties that have made both countries stronger.

President Biden and Prime Minister Modi expressed deep pride and appreciation about their nations’ close cooperation to fight the COVID-19 pandemic over the past year, as governments, civil society, businesses, and diaspora communities mobilized in unprecedented ways to share emergency relief supplies during each country’s times of need. Having administered hundreds of millions of doses of vaccine to protect their own citizens at home and abroad, they reiterated their commitment to lead the global effort to end this pandemic. President Biden welcomed India’s announcement that it will resume exports of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines including to COVAX. The Leaders also hailed the finalization of the overarching Memorandum of Understanding on Health and Biomedical Sciences to bolster cooperation on key areas affecting global health, including pandemic preparedness and biomedical research, to reduce the risk of future pandemics.

Prime Minister Modi welcomed President Biden’s initiative to convene the Global COVID-19 Summit on Ending the Pandemic and Building Back Better to Prepare for the Next, given our shared commitment to combat the Covid-19 pandemic.

Prime Minister Modi welcomed U.S. leadership on climate action, including the return of the United States to the Paris Agreement. President Biden expressed support for Prime Minister Modi’s intention to achieve a domestic goal of installing 450 GW of renewable power by 2030 and acknowledged the importance of mobilizing finance for investments in renewables, storage, and grid infrastructure that will guarantee clean, reliable power for millions of Indian households. Through the two main tracks of the Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP) and the Climate Action and Finance Mobilization Dialogue (CAFMD) under the U.S.-India Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership, the United States and India will accelerate clean energy development and deployment of critical technologies to advance a clean energy transition. India welcomed the United States joining the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT).

President Biden reaffirmed the strength of the defense relationship between the United States and India and the unwavering commitment to India as a Major Defense Partner through close defense engagements in information sharing, sharing of logistics and military-tomilitary interactions, strengthening cooperation in advanced military technologies, and expanding engagements in a multilateral framework including with regional partners. The Leaders welcomed the deepening of advanced industrial cooperation. In this context, they noted the recent project to co-develop air-launched unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under the Defense Technology and Trade Initiative, and encouraged more such joint efforts. They called upon the government and private stakeholders to use the existing ecosystems of innovation and entrepreneurship in defense industries for co-development, coproduction and expanding mutual defense trade. They also looked forward to the inaugural meeting of the Industrial Security Agreement summit to facilitate high-end defense industrial collaboration.

The Leaders reaffirmed that the United States and India stand together in a shared fight against global terrorism, will take concerted action against all terrorist groups, including groups proscribed by the UNSCR 1267 Sanctions Committee, condemned cross-border terrorism, and called for the perpetrators of the 26/11 Mumbai attacks to be brought to justice. They denounced any use of terrorist proxies and emphasized the importance of denying any logistical, financial or military support to terrorist groups which could be used to launch or plan terror attacks. They noted that the upcoming U.S.-India Counterterrorism Joint Working Group, Designations Dialogue, and renewed U.S.-India Homeland Security Dialogue will further strengthen counterterrorism cooperation between India and the United States, including in the areas of intelligence sharing and law enforcement cooperation. They also welcomed opportunities to develop counterterrorism technologies. They commended the U.S.-India Counter Narcotics Working Group and are committed to finalizing a new Bilateral Framework which would facilitate joint efforts to combat drug trafficking, illicit narcotics production and precursor chemical supply chains.

The Leaders resolved that the Taliban must abide by UNSC Resolution 2593 (2021), which demands that Afghan territory must never again be used to threaten or attack any country or to shelter or train terrorists, or to plan or finance terrorist attacks, and underscored the importance of combating terrorism in Afghanistan. The Leaders called on the Taliban to adhere to these and all other commitments, including regarding the safe, secure, and orderly departure from Afghanistan of Afghans and all foreign nationals and to respect the human rights of all Afghans, including women, children, and members of minority groups. They emphasized the importance of efforts to provide humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan, called on the Taliban to allow full, safe, direct and unhindered access for the United Nations, its specialized agencies and implementing partners, and all humanitarian actors engaged in humanitarian relief activity, including with respect to internally displaced persons. Reflecting their long-term commitment to promoting development and economic opportunity for the Afghan people, they determined to continue to closely coordinate and to work jointly with partners toward an inclusive and peaceful future for all Afghans. The Leaders called for an end of the use of violence, for release of all political detainees, and for a swift return to democracy in Myanmar. They further called for the urgent implementation of the ASEAN Five Point Consensus.

The Leaders welcomed increased cooperation under the Quad, including in the multilateral domain given their shared vision of a free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific region with respect to territorial integrity and sovereignty, and international law. President Biden applauded India’s strong leadership during its UN Security Council Presidency in August 2021. In this context, President Biden also reiterated U.S. support for India’s permanent membership on a reformed UN Security Council and for other countries who are important champions of multilateral cooperation and aspire to permanent seats on the UN Security Council. He also reaffirmed U.S. support for India’s entry to the Nuclear Suppliers Group. They welcomed the extension of the Statement of Guiding Principles on Triangular Cooperation for Global Development to leverage the combined capacities of India and the United States to address global development challenges around the world, particularly in the Indo-Pacific and Africa. In addition, they looked forward to the launch of the U.S.- India Gandhi-King Development Foundation to advance cooperation on health, education, and the environment.

They looked forward to reconvening the India-U.S. Trade Policy Forum before the end of 2021, to enhance the bilateral trade relationship by addressing trade concerns, identifying specific areas for increased engagement and developing an ambitious, shared vision for the future of the trade relationship. The Leaders looked forward to convening the U.S.-India CEO Forum and the Commercial Dialogue in early 2022, leveraging the talents of the private sector. The Leaders noted ongoing negotiations on an Investment Incentive Agreement that facilitates investment in development projects and committed to an early conclusion. They further discussed how the United States and India will work together to set sustainable and transparent rules of the road that will lift economies throughout the Indo- Pacific. They welcomed increased collaboration through the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure and the upcoming Indo-Pacific Business Forum.

The Leaders noted that the movement of highly skilled professionals, students, investors and business travelers between their countries enhances their economic and technological partnership. The Leaders highlighted the importance of resilient and secure supply chains between the two countries. They welcomed the involvement of the private sector in both countries in building stronger linkages in critical sectors such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, semiconductors, and information technology. The Leaders recognized the importance of critical and emerging technologies in delivering economic growth and achieving strategic priorities. They looked forward to reviving the High Technology Cooperation Group (HTCG) in early 2022, with the objective of accelerating high technology commerce in key areas. The Leaders decided that the United States and India must continue and expand their partnership in new domains and many areas of critical and emerging technology – space, cyber, health security, semiconductors, AI, 5G, 6G and future generation telecommunications technology, and Blockchain, that will define innovation processes, and the economic and security landscape of the next century. The Leaders recognized the foundational need to address vulnerabilities and threats in cyberspace, including to promote critical infrastructure resilience, and welcomed the increasing partnerships among governments to counter ransomware and other cyber-enabled crime, including efforts to combat cybercriminals that operate from within their borders. The Leaders reiterated the importance of sustainable capacity-building and noted that mutual technical assistance efforts to respond to cyber threats should be prioritized and increased, including through dialogues, joint meetings, training and sharing of best practices. They looked forward to the finalization of a Space Situational Awareness Memorandum of Understanding that will help in sharing of data and services towards ensuring the longterm sustainability of outer space activities by the end of the year.

As global partners, the United States and India resolved to further strengthen their collaboration in education, science and technology and people-to-people engagement. The Leaders welcomed close consultations through the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue of the Foreign and Defense Ministers of India and the United States to be held later this year. The Leaders celebrated the deep and vibrant ties between the people of both nations, which underpins the special bond between the United States and India, and has sustained their partnership for nearly 75 years. They reaffirmed, and encouraged others to embrace, their shared values of freedom, democracy, universal human rights, tolerance and pluralism, and equal opportunities for all citizens, and committed to pursue efforts towards sustainable development and global peace and security.

Prime Minister Modi conveyed his deep appreciation for the repatriation of antiquities to India by the United States. The Leaders committed to strengthen their efforts to combat the theft, illicit trade and trafficking of cultural objects.

Reflecting shared values and principles, and growing strategic convergence, President Biden and Prime Minister Modi resolved to advance the U.S.-India Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership, and looked forward to what the United States and India will achieve together.

The recent meeting between the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and US President Joe Biden evoked a lot of interest for watchers in the diplomatic sphere given the fact that Narendra Modi had been seen openly supporting the Republican Party’s incumbent Presidential candidate Donald Trump. It was indeed a pleasant surprise that Joe Biden put US-India relations ahead and lead the talks to build on existing relations and to strengthen US-India trade relations which were going down hill under the previous regime. N Chandra Shekar reports on some of the key takeaways from this visit…

THE INDIA-US TRADE RELATIONS have been much in the storm in the recent years. India’s trade surplus with the US had become a bone of contention for the erstwhile President Trump. Both India and US accused each other of unfair trade practices and were among the most active litigants at the World Trade Organisation. Not withstanding the bonhomie between President Trump and Prime Minister Narendra Modi both nations have not been able to arrive at common ground on the myriad of trade issues that plague the two. When US President Joe Biden and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi met in Washington last month for the first time in Biden’s presidency, their talks on trade were limited and only briefly referenced in a joint statement. This cursory treatment suggests trade has been relegated to secondary importance. Instead, this should be an inflection point for growing the US-India trade relationship, ideally to eventually match the scale and importance of their strategic relationship.

While US President Joe Biden has begin to pursue his restorationist agenda on “rescuing US foreign policy” after Donald Trump’s presidency, his agenda on USIndia ties will differ. While US ties with partners across the Atlantic for instance, will warrant Biden’s mitigation efforts, the agenda with India will pertain to furthering Trump’s record. However, the domain of US-India trade, which peaked at $146.1 billion in 2019, will cause some trepidation owing to frictions witnessed in the Trump years. Given Trump’s focus on exacting “fair and reciprocal” trading arrangements, his administration vocalised apprehensions against nations that had amassed trade surpluses over the US. Even though India’s trade surplus is less than a tenth of the US-China trade imbalance, New Delhi did not escape Trump’s action against nations “cheating” the US. It all started with the imposition of import tariffs on steel and aluminium from twelve countries including India. This later developed into a full-fledged bilateral trade war with China. The US also rolled back export incentives for Indian Exporters under its Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) programme affecting India’s exports worth USD 6billion dollars to US under the scheme. In retaliation, India imposed high customs duties on twenty-eight US products, including almonds. The US administration has also started targeting nations who are having a trade surplus with the US including India. With either side not giving in a whole lot of issues have become a bone of contention.

For India one of the key issues has been the withdrawal of the concessions offered to Indian Exporters under the US Generalised System of Preferences which allowed tariff free import of selected commodities (around 3500) from 129 countries for failure to provide equitable and reasonable market access. GSP provides nonreciprocal, duty-free tariff treatment to certain products imported from qualifying developing countries. India has given a representation with the US trade officials for the extension of the GSP.

One of the important issues for the US is its export of farm and poultry products. Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) barriers in India limit U.S. agricultural exports. The United States has been raising questions on the scientific and risk-based justifications of such barriers. India had banned chicken imports from US citing avian infuenza risks. But in 2015, the US obtained a favourable verdict from the WTO’s DSB. The WTO ruled that India’s measure was disproportionate to the threat and constituted a non-tariff barrier. In the context of the WTO verdict, the government made changes in the health certification requirement for imported poultry items from the US.

Further the US accused India that it is under reporting subsidies given under Minimum Support Price (MSP) This is the first ever Committee on Agriculture notification by a country under The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). The US also raised obstructions on India’s food security programme at the Buenos Aires Ministerial Conference (MC). Because of this US stand, WTO failed to reach consensus to provide a permanent solution to the Public Stock Holding of Food Grains on food security ground. As a reply, India and China asked the developed world to reduce their exorbitant levels of farm subsidies. At the Buenos Aires Ministerial Conference of the WTO, the US argued that countries like China and India doesn’t qualify for the Special and Differential Treatment benefits given for developing countries. India strongly objected to the US version

Bilateral tensions have increased over each side’s tariff policies. India has relatively high average tariff rates. The US increased tariff on Steel and Aluminium imports from twelve countries including India. The Indian government approached the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body against the US move. The government’s stand is that use of the tariff against selected countries is a violation of the Most Favoured Nation clause of the WTO.

As a response to the US tariff on Steel and Aluminium, Commerce Ministry on June 20th notified tariff hike on twenty-nine US products, including almonds, apples and phosphoric acid etc. (worth $10 bn) in retaliation to the steel and aluminium tariff hikes by the US. At the same time, India reduced tariff on selected imports from India including that on few categories of bikes to defuse the trade tension. Perhaps the most devastating step by the Trump administration has been to put a curb on H1 B visas. A key issue for India is U.S. temporary visa policies, which affect Indian nationals working in the United States. India is challenging U.S. fees for worker visas in the WTO and monitoring potential U.S. action to revise the H-1B (specialized worker) visa program. Under its visa restrictions policies, the number of visas to be issued under H1B was reduced; Visa fees were doubled for H1B; Visa eligibility in terms of annual income raised; thereby reducing opportunities for India’s skilled Labour. It also stated that H1 B visas will be issued for single projects. After the completion of the project, the person would have to return without looking for any other job in the US. Further the qualification requirement was also changed such that a two-year degree/diploma was invalidated, and a four-year degree qualification was necessitated for the issue of H1B visas. All these steps hurting the operations of Indian IT firms in the US.

The United States continues to press India to address its “forced” localization practices, such as incountry data storage, domestic content, and domestic testing requirements—viewed by the United States as presenting barriers to trade with India. Adding to U.S. concerns are India’s new restrictive localization rules for certain financial data flows, which affect companies such as Visa and MasterCard. At the same time, India has moved to ease some local sourcing rules for singlebrand retailers, which would affect companies such as Apple. The US had taken India to the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body against the limited

local sourcing requirement under the National Solar Mission and secured a favourable verdict. Later, the US alleged that India is not following the verdict and sought WTO’s permission for taking retaliatory measures.

India is continuously listed under the priority watch list in the US Intellectual Property documents that is prepared under the infamous Special 301 law. India is placed along with China and ten other countries. According to the US, countries in the list will be the subject of particularly intense bilateral engagement in future.

A surprising development is US policy on currency management. Here, the US included India under currency practices and macroeconomic policies monitoring list along with China, South Korea, Japan etc.

The US also raised objections at the WTO to the export incentives given by India arguing that India doesn’t qualify to provide export incentives allowable for low income developing countries. It stated that India’s GNI per capita income crossed $1000 for three consecutive years and hence the country is not eligible to provide export subsidies. The US objected to five export incentives given by India.

The United States and India trade on WTO terms, as they do not have a bilateral FTA. The United States and India often have opposing stances in the WTO, whose future direction is unclear amid debate over institutional reforms and future negotiations. India objected to the US stand of vetoing the appointment of judges to the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body. India demanded that US should not block the running of the DSB and this is needed to protect the multilateralism-based governance of global trade. India and 37 other countries made a formal proposal for the appointment of the judges that has been blocked by the US. The US demanded changes in the functioning of the Appellate Body and demanded an amendment to the existing rule which allows judges to continue cases assigned to them before their terms ended.

Currently the United States and India are holding negotiations to address bilateral trade frictions. They reportedly are discussing a deal for U.S. reinstatement of GSP for India in exchange for certain market access commitments from India. Both are understood to have resolved most of the important trade issues, thus paving the way for an ‘initial trade package’ wherein the two countries are looking for an equitable market access.

However it would be unrealistic to hope that the United States and India might suddenly work together multilaterally on trade, which makes the bilateral trade relationship even more essential for resolving specific trade problems and generating productive dialogue going forward. Yes, the value of US-India bilateral trade and cross-border investments continues to grow—but this part of the relationship between the US and India remains unstable. It’s threatened by a range of risks, including regulatory trends that restrict economic integration and the threat of economic sanctions over India’s defense trade with Russia.

To shift toward stability, Washington and New Delhi will need to articulate a joint vision for a deeper, broader, and more integrated economic relationship

Relations between India and Russia are rooted in history, mutual trust and mutually beneficial cooperation. This is a strategic partnership that has withstood the test of time, and which enjoys the support of the people of both countries, says Ivor Vaz

IF THERE HAS EVER BEEN a longstanding and time-tested partner for India, it is Russia. The development of India-Russia relations has been a key pillar of India’s foreign policy. Since the signing of ‘Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership’ in October 2000 (during the visit of Russian President Vladimir Putin to India), India-Russia ties have acquired a qualitatively new character with enhanced levels of cooperation in almost all areas of the bilateral relationship including political, security, trade and economy, defence, science and technology, and culture. Under the Strategic Partnership, several institutionalised dialogue mechanisms operate at both political and official levels to ensure regular interaction and follow up on cooperation activities. During the visit of the Russian President to India in December 2010, the Strategic Partnership was elevated to the level of a ‘Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership’.

Political Relations Annual Summit: The Annual Summit meeting between the Prime Minister of India and the President of the Russian Federation is the highest institutionalised dialogue mechanism in the strategic partnership between India and Russia. So far 17 Annual Summit meetings have taken place alternatively in India and Russia. Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Goa from 15-16 October 2016 for the 17th Annual Summit, which resulted in 19 documents related to cooperation in defence, space, information security, foreign policy, trade & investment, hydrocarbons, shipbuilding, railways, and science and technology. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Putin also adopted a Joint Statement ‘Partnership for Global Peace and Stability’ and a ‘Roadmap of Events’ to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the diplomatic relations between India and Russia in the year 2017. Earlier, the two leaders held a bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the SCO Summit in Tashkent (Uzbekistan) on 24 June 2016. Modi visited Russia in June 2017 for the 18th Annual Summit, which took place in St. Petersburg and resulted in the conclusion of 12 documents related to cooperation over a very wide range of activities. The 18th Summit also witnessed the adoption of the ‘St. Petersburg Declaration’ which not only highlights the multi-faceted cooperation between the two countries but also provides a comprehensive matrix for future cooperation. During this visit, Modi had a separate meeting with governors of sixteen Russian regions where they discussed various aspects related to the enhancement of cooperation between Indian and Russian regions. He also participated in the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum as the Guest of Honour. Subsequently, Modi and Putin also met at the sidelines of Astana SCO summit in June 2017 and G20 Summit in Hamburg in July 2017.

Intergovernmental Commissions: There is regular high-level interaction between the two countries. Two Inter-Governmental Commissions – one on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC), cochaired by the Indian External Affairs Minister (EAM) and the Russian Deputy Prime Minister (DPM); and another on Military Technical Cooperation (IRIGC-MTC), cochaired by the Russian and Indian Defence Ministers – meet annually. The Inter-Governmental Commission on Military Technical Cooperation (IRIGC-MTC) co-chaired by the two Defence Ministers and its Working Groups and Sub-Groups review defence cooperation between the two countries. Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu visited New Delhi for the 16th Session of the IRIGC-MTC on 26 October 2016. The 17th Meeting of IRIGC-MTC took place in Moscow on June 23, 2017. Indian Defence Minister Arun Jaitely co-chaired this meeting with Shoigu. Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin visited India in September 2016 to co-chair the 22nd session of the IRIGC-TEC with the Indian External Affairs Minister. In 2017, Rogozin visited India for the meeting of Co-Chairs of IRIGC-TEC on May 10, 2017.

Bilateral Interaction: Rogozin visited India on 20 August 2016. He called on PM Modi and also met the National Security Advisor Ajit Doval during this visit. Rogozin subsequently led a large Russian delegation to the Vibrant Gujarat Summit in January 2017. Doval visited Russia on January 30-31, 2017 and met the Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Nikolai Patrushev. They discussed issues of mutual bilateral, regional and global interest, with special focus on security and defence cooperation. India’s Foreign Secretary visited Russia for Foreign Office Consultations on March 16-17, 2017. Deputy NSA visited Russia in March 2017 and met his counterpart for the 17th India- Russia Joint Coordination Group Meeting. He also attended the 4th International Arctic Forum Meeting in Arkhangelsk. Russian Minister for Industry and Trade, Denis Manturov, visited India in March 2017. He jointly inaugurated the International Engineering Sourcing Show 2017 with CIM in Chennai. He later attended the first-ever India- Russia Military Industrial Conference in Delhi on March 17-18, 2017. Russia’s Deputy Prime Minister Yury Trutnev visited India in March 2017. He met the EAM in Delhi, and signed deals worth US $ 1.4 billion during his visit to Mumbai. The Russian side also signed a Term Sheet with TATA Power for developing a coal field in Kamchatka during this visit. Minister of Defence, Finance and Corporate Affairs of India, Arun Jaitley attended the 6th Moscow Conference on International Security on 25-26 April 2017. He also had a bilateral meeting with his Russian counterpart during this visit. He again visited Russia on 21-23 June 2017 and also co-chaired the first ever meeting of the India-Russia High- Level Committee on Science and Technology held in Novosibirsk. NSA Doval visited Russia in May 2017 to attend the 8th International Meeting of High Level Officials Responsible for Security Matters in Zavidovo. He also had a bilateral meeting with his Russian counterpart. R.N. Ravi, Chairman Joint Intelligence Committee, participated in a joint Anti-Terrorist Exercise of the competent Bodies of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation held in Yaroslavl from August 09-11, 2017. Earlier in 2016, the EAM held separate bilateral meetings with DPM Rogozin and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on the sidelines of the 14th Russia- India-China (RIC) Foreign Ministers meeting in Moscow on 18 April 2016.

Speaker of Lok Sabha, Sumitra Mahajan, led a delegation of Members of Parliament of India to Russia for the 4th India-Russia Inter- Parliamentary Commission meeting on 11 July 2017. She met the Chairman of the State Duma (Lower House of the Russian Parliament), Vyacheslav Volodin, and the Chairperson of the Federation Council, Valentina Matvienko, in Moscow. She also addressed the Plenary Meeting of the State Duma in Moscow on 12 July 2017. Volodin visited India in February 2015 and participated in the 3rd Session of the India-Russia Inter-Parliamentary Commission. He also called on the President and Vice President of India. A five member delegation from the Russian Parliament attended the BRICS Womens’ Parliamentary Forum in August 2016. In April 2016, Minister of State for Defence visited Moscow and attended the 5th Moscow Conference on International Security. The Minister of Law and Justice participated in the St Petersburg International Legal Forum in May 2016. In June 2016, Minister of State for Petroleum & Natural Gas participated in the 16th St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPEIF), and also met his Russian counterpart. In March 2016, the Russian Minister for Emergency Situations co-chaired the first meeting of the India-Russia Joint Commission for cooperation in preventing emergency situations in New Delhi. A three-member team from NDRF visited Russia for orientation and training at the Russian Civil Defence Academy in April 2017. A number of other exchanges are being discussed in accordance with Joint Implementation Plan.

Consultations: Pursuant to the signing of the Protocol for Consultations between the Foreign Ministries, Secretary (West), Secretary (ER) and Secretary (East) visited Russia for bilateral consultations in 2016. Other official level consultations (Secretary/ Joint Secretary) on issues such as disarmament & non-proliferation, Central Asia, European issues, information security, South Asia, UN, BRICS, SCO and RIC were also held in 2016. During the 17th Annual Summit, the sides concluded a Protocol for Consultations between the foreign ministries for the period 2017-18. In 2017, a number of Consultations on issues such as disarmament and non-proliferation, information security, property issues, SCO and counter-terrorism have already taken place in accordance with the new plan.

Defence & Security Cooperation

India has longstanding and wideranging cooperation with Russia in the field of defence. India-Russia military technical cooperation has evolved from a buyer – seller framework to one involving joint research, development and production of advanced defence technologies and systems. BrahMos Missile System as well as the licensed production in India of SU-30 aircraft and T-90 tanks, are examples of such flagship cooperation. During the 17th Annual Summit, the sides concluded agreements on supply of S-400 air defence systems, construction of frigates under Project 1135.6 and shareholders agreement on the formation of joint venture to manufacture Ka-226T helicopters in India. The two countries also hold exchanges and training exercises between their armed forces annually. The joint military exercise ‘Indra 2016’ was held in the Ussuriysk District in Vladivostok from 22 September -02 October 2016. The annual bilateral naval exercise ‘Indra – Navy’ took place off the coast of Vishakhapatnam on 14-21 December 2016. Both sides have also decided to hold the first ever triservices exercised in the year 2017. A roadmap for the development of bilateral defence cooperation was signed during the 17th Meeting of the IRIGC-MTC.

Indian Air Chief Arup Raha visited Russia from 24-29 October 2016. Russian Naval Chief visited India in March 2017. The first ever India- Russia Military Conference took place in Delhi in March 2017. Nearly 45 Russian entities participated in this conference. FSB Director, Alexander Bortnikov led a ninemember delegation to India in March 2017 and called on the Minister of Home Affairs.

Economic Relations

Making the economic partnership a strong pillar of the bilateral partnership like other areas of cooperation between India and Russia is a key priority for both governments. In December 2014, the leaders of the two countries set a target of US$ 30 billion bilateral trade by 2025. According to Russian Federal Customs Service data, bilateral trade during in 2016 amounted to US$ 7.71 billion (decline of 1.5% over 2015), with Indian exports amounting to US$ 2.39 billion and imports from Russia amounting to US$ 5.32 billion. Major items of export from India include pharmaceuticals, tea, coffee and tobacco, machinery and mechanical appliances, organic chemicals, and electrical machinery and equipment. Major items of import from Russia include pearls, precious and semi-precious stones & metals, nuclear power equipment, electrical machinery and equipment, mineral oil & products, iron & steels, and optical, precision and surgical equipment. India and Russia are exploring various ways for enhancing bilateral trade. A few important steps/projects that could provide a major boost to bilateral trade are: Operationalisation of the ‘Green Corridor’ project between the two countries which has already reached an advanced stage; implementation of the International North- South Transport Corridor, and the signing of an FTA between Indian and the Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU). In December 2016, Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) approved the decision to start negotiations between India and the EaEU for signing an FTA.

Indian investments in Russia are estimated to be about US$ 13 billion which include Vankorneft and Taas-Yuryakh Tass fields; Imperial Energy Tomsk; Sakhalin I; Volzhsky Abrasive Works Volgograd; and Commercial Indo bank. Russian investments in India total about US$ 16 billion, including the acquisition of the ESSAR Group, Kamaz Vectra in Hosur; Shyam Sistema Telecom Ltd, Sberbank and VTB. Earlier, both sides had expressed their desire to raise the level of investments in each other’s countries to US $ 15 billion (each way) by 2025. Based upon current figures it appears that the target will be achieved almost eight years earlier than planned.

The Inter- Governmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC) is the apex G2G forum to review economic cooperation. It reviews sectoral cooperation under working groups on trade and economic cooperation, priority investments, modernisation and industrial cooperation (subgroups on civil aviation, mining, fertiliser, and modernisation), outstanding issues, energy & energy efficiency, science and technology, communications & IT, tourism and culture, and sub-groups on banking & financial matters and on conservation of tigers & leopards. The 22nd Session of the IRIGCTEC was held in New Delhi on 13 September 2016, which was cochaired by India’s EAM and Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin. In 2017, Rogozin visited India for the meeting of Co-Chairs of IRIGC-TEC on May, 2017.

The India-Russia Forum on Trade and Investment co-chaired by the Commerce and Industry Minister of India and the Russian Minister for Economic Development, and India-Russia CEOs’ Council are the two primary mechanisms to promote direct bilateral businessto- business contacts between India and Russia. Mechanisms such as India-Russia Business Council (partnership between FICCI of India and CCI of Russia), India-Russia Trade, Investment and Technology Promotion Council (partnership between CII of India and RUIE of Russia), India-Russia Business Dialogue (partnership between CII of India and Russia’s Business Council for Cooperation with India) and India-Russia Chamber of Commerce (with focus on SMEs) supplement the efforts to build direct businessto- business ties. To promote smoother and greater movement of businessmen, the two countries signed a protocol on 24 December 2015 to simplify visa procedures for businessmen.

Hydrocarbons is an active area for exploring cooperation between the two countries. In the second and third quarter of 2016, Indian companies invested close to US$ 5.5 billion in Russia’s Oil and Gas sector, which included acquisition of 23.9% stake in Vankorneft and 29.9% in Taas-Yuryakh by an Indian Consortium of Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (OIL) and Bharat Petro Resources Limited (BPRL); and acquisition of 15% and 11% stake by ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in Vankorneft from Rosneft Oil Company of Russia. During the 17th Annual Summit, the sides concluded documents between Engineers India Ltd and Gazprom on the Joint Study of a gas pipeline to India and other possible areas of cooperation; Agreement in the area of Education and Training between ONGC Videsh Ltd and Rosneft Oil Company; and Programme of Cooperation (PoC) in the Field of Oil and Gas for the period 2017-18; and the Sale and Purchase Agreement between a Rosneft-led consortium and Essar for acquisition of 98% stake in Essar Oil Limited. The Rosneft led Consortium has invested close to US $ 13 billion in this deal. The sides are working towards realisation of an ‘Energy Bridge’ between the two countries, which is based on robust civil nuclear cooperation, LNG sourcing, partnership in the Oil and Gas sector, and engagement in renewable energy sources. Russia’s Deputy Energy Minster Yuri Sentyurin visited India from 27-28 June, 2017 to discuss the possibility of a gas pipeline between India and Russia.

In December 2015, Tata Power signed an agreement with the Russian Ministry of Far East Development for investment projects in energy sector in the region. In October 2016, Indian and Russian railways signed an agreement on high speed rails in India. In December 2015, Heavy Engineering Corporation (HEC), Ranchi concluded agreements with Russian company CNIITMASH on establishing a Centre of Excellence in India and modernisation of HEC’s facilities; and Solar Energy Corporation of India signed an MoU with Russian counterpart for constructing solar plants in India.

India participated in one of Russia’s of major flagship industrial exhibitions, ‘INNOPROM 2016’ in Ekaterinburg (Russia) from 11-14 July 2016 as a partner country, where the Indian delegation was led by Commerce and Industry Minister and the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. They also held a roundtable meeting with the Russian Prime Minister. An export Promotion Council delegation headed by Joint Director Mishikant Jumde, and another CII delegation headed by Srikumar Nair participated in INNOPROM-2017 from Indian side. Minister for Industry and Trade, Denis Manturov, led a large delegation to India and attended the opening ceremony of the BRICS Trade Fair, and met CIM in October 2016. He also met the CMs of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.

Nuclear Energy

Russia is an important partner for India in the area of peaceful use of nuclear energy. It recognises India as a country with advanced nuclear technology with an impeccable nonproliferation record. In December 2014, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Russia’s Rosatom signed the Strategic Vision for strengthening cooperation in peaceful uses of atomic energy between India and Russia. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP) is being built in India with Russian cooperation. KKNPP Units 1 and 2 have already become operational. PM Modi and President Putin jointly dedicated Units 1 & 2 to the nation on separate occasions through video conferencing. They also initiated the concrete pouring for Units 3 &4 through videoconference on October 15, 2016. An agreement on localisation of manufacturing of nuclear equipment in India was also concluded during the Annual Summit on 24 December 2015. The agreement for KKNPP Units 5 & 6 was concluded during the 18th Annual Bilateral Summit in St. Petersburg in June 2017.

Space Cooperation

India-Russia cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of outer space dates back to about four decades. 2015 marked the 40th anniversary of the launch of India’s first satellite “Aryabhatt” on a Russian (then USSR) launch vehicle ‘Soyuz.’ In 2007, India and Russia signed a framework agreement on cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, including satellite launches, GLONASS navigation system, remote sensing and other societal applications of outer space. In June 2015, the space agencies signed an MoU on expansion of cooperation in the field of the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. An agreement was signed between C-DAC and GLONASS for cooperation in technologies based on satellite navigation. On 15 October 2016, ISRO and Roscosmos signed an MoU to establish ground measurement gathering stations for GLONASS and NAvIC in India and Russia. Both sides are also exploring the possibility of cooperation in manned space flight.

Science & Technology The Working Group on Science and Technology functioning under IRIGCTEC, the Integrated Long Term Programme (ILTP) and the Basic Science Cooperation Programme are the three main institutional mechanisms for bilateral Science and Technology cooperation, while the Science Academies of the two countries promote interacademy exchanges. ILTP during its 25-year long implementation period, supported over 500 joint R&D projects and setting up of 9 thematic centres in India and Russia that resulted in generation of over 1500 joint publications and many new products, processes, facilities, and research centres besides developing over 10,000 scientific contacts. India-Russia Science and Technology Centre with a branch each in Delhi-NCR and Moscow was set up in 2011-12 in order to promote two-way transfer of technologies and their commercialisation.

Two new Programmes of Cooperation in the field of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Biotechnology concluded in October 2013 have become active mechanisms for cooperation. These programmes have already supported the first batch of 11 joint R&D projects in 2014. In December 2014, Indian Council of Medical Research and Russian Foundation of Basic Research entered into an MoU for cooperation in health research. On 8 May 2015, Department of Science & Technology (DST) and Russian Science Foundation signed an agreement to support basic and exploratory research. During the 16th Annual Summit, C-DAC, IISc (Bangalore) and Moscow State University signed an agreement on cooperation in the field of high performance computing. During the 17th Summit, DST and FASO (Federal Agency for Scientific Organisation) signed an agreement for cooperation in the field of science and technology. A Basic Science Cooperation Programme between DST and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research has been working quite successfully from 2016-17. A number of new initiatives such as the Indi- Russia Bridge to Innovation, cooperation in telemedicine, creation of a Traditional Knowledge Digital Library, GIAN, and the Russia-India Network (RIN) of Universities are being promoted to encourage the growth of bilateral interaction in the field of S&T. Prof. Ashutosh Sharma, Secretary, Department of Science and Technology visited Russia from 19-21 June, 2017.

Cultural Cooperation

There is a strong tradition of Indian studies in Russia. Jawaharlal Nehru Cultural Centre at the Embassy of India, Moscow (JNCC) maintains close cooperation with leading Russian institutions, including the Institute of Philosophy (Moscow); Russian State University for Humanities (Moscow); Institute of Oriental Studies (Moscow); Institute of Asian and African Studies of the Moscow State University; School of International Relations of the St. Petersburg University; Institute of Oriental Manuscripts (St Petersburg); Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology & Ethnography (Kunstkamera) in St Petersburg; Far Eastern Federal University (Vladivostok);and Russian Institute for Cultural Research (Krasnodar). There is a Mahatma Gandhi Chair on Indian Philosophy in the Institute of Philosophy, Moscow. About 20 Russian Institutions, including leading universities and schools, regularly teach Hindi to about 1,500 Russian students. Apart from Hindi, languages such as Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Urdu, Sanskrit and Pali are taught in Russian Institutions. There is strong interest among Russian people in Indian dance, music, yoga and Ayurveda. JNCC conducts classes in yoga, dance, music and Hindi for approximately 500 students every month.

There are regular cultural initiatives to promote people-to-people contacts between India and Russia, including reciprocal Years of Culture. The President of India inaugurated the Year of Indian Culture ‘Namaste Russia’ in Moscow on 10 May 2015. About 15 performances in eight cities were held as part of ‘Namaste Russia’ across various parts of Russia over 2015. The Embassy with support from regional governments organised week-long celebrations marking the third International Day of Yoga (IDY) covering 68 regions spanning 87 locations and involving over 37685 Yoga enthusiasts. During the previous Summit in October, the leaders adopted a ‘Roadmap of Events’ to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the diplomatic relations between India and Russia with year-long celebrations in 2017 under which numerous events have already been held in both countries.

Indian Community

The Indian community in the Russia is estimated at about 30,000. In addition, about 1,500 Afghan nationals of Indian origin live in Russia. About 500 Indian businessmen reside in Russia out of which around 200 work in Moscow. It is estimated that about 300 registered Indian companies operate in Russia. Majority of Indian businessmen/companies in Russia are involved in trading. Some entities also represent Indian banks, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbon and engineering companies. Tea, coffee, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, rice, spices, leather footwear, granite and garments are amongst the products being imported by these companies from India. There are approximately 4,500 Indian students enrolled in medical and technical institutions in the Russian Federation. About 90% of them pursue medical studies in about 20 universities across Russia. Embassy of India School in Moscow is affiliated to Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan in New Delhi with teachers deputed from India. The School has classes from I to XII with about 350 students.